79. Voyage de la Troade, fait dans les Années 1785 & 1786, par J. B. Le Chevalier, Membre de la Societé des Sciences & Arts à Paris, du Lycée de Caen, des Academies d'Edinbourg, de Gottingue, de Caffel, & de Madrid. Troifieme Edition, revue, corrigée, & confiderablement augmentée. In Three Volumes. 8vo. Paris, 1802-Tra vels in the Troad, in the Years 1785 and 1786, by J. B. Le Chevalier, &c. &c. The Third Edition, revised, corrected, and confiderably augmented.

N the former editions the author

אן

confined himself to the plain of Troy; this contains obfervations on the countries he traverfed in his way thither. In the Ift volume he defcribes the principal islands of the Adriatic Gulf, Athens, nd its environs, and feveral iflands of the gean fea. The Ild contains the defcription of the plain of Troy, enlarged with the dif coveries of feveral travellers who vifit ed after him. The IIId contains the

tranflation of Mr. Morritt's work on

the Troad. M. Le Chevalier left Venice on-board a 74 gun-fhip, which was to convey to Tenedos Zuliani, emballador from that city to the Ottoman Porte, Aug. 25, 1785, and Dr. Spallanzani, the late eminent naturalift. Contrary winds gave them an opportunity of vifiting the coaft of Titria (particularly Pola), Dalmatia, and Albania. They flopped at and examined Corfou, in fearch of the palace and gardens of Alcinous; Butrinto (Buthrotum), ou the oppofite coaft of Epirus; Preveza (Nicopolis), on the gulf of Laita; Cape Leucato (Leucate, or the Lover's Leap); Ithaca, where the whole hiftory of Ulyffes and his family prefents itfelf to the mind of our traveller; Zante, Cerigo, and the coafis of Laconia. From Cerigo they failed to Athens. While our traveller was vifiting that city, the embaffador failed away, and left him with a young failor his guide. After examining all the buildings, &c. at Athens, and the plain of Marathon, where the painter Fauvel opened the tomb of Miltiades, and difcovered a few afhes and a bust * of him, he failed to Seyros, thence to Cape Baba, the antient Ledos, and thence he travelled to Alexandria * We could better trait to the moulds be made of the bas-reliefs on the temple of Minerva, which, in the neglect of the Revolution, being exposed to the air at Marfcilles, crumbled away, except a very few. EDIT.

GENT. MAG. June, 1802.

Troas, which he defcribes as very entire as to fite, furrounded with walls, and diftinguished by ruins of public buildings, particularly an aqueduct and public baths. His defcription of the illuftration of the pretended tomb of ifle of Scyros is enlarged by Heyne's Homer, brought from thence by a Ruffian count, and left in a private garden at Petersburg. As there cannot be the finalleft ground for attributing it to Homer, M. Le Chevalier inclines

to think it "a cenotaph erected to Achilles, Deidamnia, and perhaps alfo time for this erection, we incline to to Pyrrhus." But, as he afligns no fuppofe it was the fepulchral vafe of fomne perfon of confequence, adorned with fuch fubjects as the hiftory of Achilles in that ifland, and before he was concealed there, fuggefted. See our vol. LXV. pp. 59, 680. Illuftrative of this volume we have a general map of the voyage from Venice; others of the ifland of Corfou, of the kingdom of Ulyffes, of Zante; views Arethufa, the temple of Minerva Sunias; plan of the environs of Athens ; view of that city; four fides of Homer's tomb; a camel with his equi page, compared with an antient relief on a farcophagus at Alexandria Troas.

of the harbour of Ithaca, the fountain

Of M. Chevalier's defcription of the plain of Troy we gave an abstract vol. LXII. p. 739, from a tranflation of it by Mr. Dalziel; of Mr. Bryant's feepticifis on it, LXVI. 496; and his abfolute denial of the existence of Troy or the Trojan war, LXVII. 142.

cond journey with obferving, that, M. Le Chevalier concludes his fe Univerfities of Edinburgh and Gottinfupported by the fuffrages of the gen, fupported by the opinions of Dalziel and Heyne, and a crowd of refpectable travellers of the different nations of Europe, he hefitates not to af firm that the plain of Troy has not changed its appearance fince the time of Homer, the promontories, the ritombs of the feverai warriors, remain vers, the valleys, the hills, and the exactly in the fame places as that great port had placed them." While our author was employed in a fhort-lived character on Moldavia, C. de Choifeul, then embalador at Confiantingple, informed him that the engineer Kauffer had corrected his map of the plain, the Jew Gonnezano had opened the tomb

of Achilles, and the painter Fauvel, aflociate correfpondent of the National Inftitute, fettled at Athens, had reftored the articles found therein, with equal addrefs and tafie.

writers, by Pope, in his effay prefixed
to his tranflation of the Iliad, Belon,
Pietro de la Valle, Sandys, Grelot, Lé
Bruyn, Spon and Wheler, Lady Wort-
ley Montague, Poeocke, Wood, Chan-
dler. Part IV. treats of the plain of
Troy in its prefent ftate; the fprings
and courfe of the rivers Scamander and
Simois; the fite of old Troy; ruins of
the temple of Apollo; and Greek in-
feription, fetting forth the erection of
a filver ftatue of Jupiter by the Empe-

In the Id volume M. Le Chevalier
celebrates the approbation given by the
learned of Great Britain, Spain, Got-
ingen, &c. to his difcoveries, and the
intereft Sir Jofeph Banks took in the
refioration of the fubjects of natural
hittory taken by our cruifers on-board
the hips fent out in fearch of La Pey-rors Diocletian and Maximian; and
roufe. Profefior Heyne received the
MS. of his Troad before it was printed
at Edinburgh, and got it tranflated in
to German by one of his moft diftin-
guifhed pupils, Frederick Dornedden,
and published with the profeffor's
learned comment. After his return to
France, Mr. Lifton, our embalador to
the Porte, Mr. Hawkins, Dr. Sib-
thorp, profeffor of botany at Oxford,
and Dr. [Mr.] Dallaway, after a long
journey over every part of the Troad,
communicated their difcoveries to Dr.
Dalziel, who compofed from them a
comparative table of obfervations made
by them and M. Le Chevalier; whence
i, appeared, that, except fome flight er-
rors in his map, the plain of Troy ex-
actly agrees with his defeription. Mef-
feurs Stockdale, Wakefielder, Morritt,
and Oliver, declared themfelves the de-
fenders of the theatre of the Iliad, and
of M. Le Chevalier. There appeared
in Germany a work jutituled Choi-
feal Goullier on the Troad," publifhed
by the learned Gotlob Lenz, counsellor
to the Duke of Saxe Weinar, who has
added all that has beep written hitherto
on the monuments of the Troad, by
the ingenions Muller, of Gottingen,
by Major Schwartz, of Brunfwick, and
by Major Hedweg, of Stockholm. At,
the time when all the learned of Eu-
rope anised to adopt as certain the ex-
illence of the plain of Troy, Dr. Bry-
aut, who has been fighting above 30.
years, with more zeal than fuccefs, had
taken the field alone againfi antagonilis
as numerous as powerful. His Dif
fertation concerning the War of Troy,
and the Expedition of the Greeks, as,
defcribed by Homer, fhewing that no
Expedition was ever undertaken, and
that no fich City of Phrygia exified,"
Addit. 1790, is here analyfed in chap.,
VIII and IX. of part II. Part III. is.
taken up with an explanation of the
phin of Troy, according to Homer,
and the battle of the 1. The plait,
deferibed by Strato another antient

feveral other infcriptions; the different
barrows. We are grieved to relate
that the famous Sigean infeription is
now reduced to the two firft words,
pasodino ut (II. 309). It is given
entire at the end of vol. III. p. 297.
The opening of the barrow of Achilles
was committed by the French embaf-
fador to a Jew, their agent at the Dar-
danelles, who agreed with a Tusk,
whofe houfe was near the barrow, to
ent through it. To take from the
Jews and Turks all temptation to flea!
the precious metals, which, according
to Homer's account, might be inciofed
in the tomb, they were to receive, in
gold or filver, double the weight of the
metals that might be found. The em-
ballador received a glafs bottle, whole
contents, examined by his phyfician,
appeared to be a pulveriform fubfiance,
fragments of baked earthen veilels,
charcoal, and burnt bones, half a little
ivory vafe, and a fhapelets bar of cop-
per, taken for a ford-hilt, covered
with verdigris, which, being removed
by the dexterous and intelligent painter
Fanvel, proved to be an Egyptian fla-
tue in a Grecian drefs, on a Thield-like
plate, fupported by, and fixed in, the
fides of two horfes, each fupporting a
warrior, of which only the lower parts
remained; the face and one breait of
the figure were defaced; the feet clofe,
as in Egyptian figures; the head-drefs
was adorned with lotus leaves, and on

"

the fhoulders were two fphinxes, fup-
porting two lious' over the head; the
whole figure 10 inches high. On the
fhoulders a kind of linen or Gilk shift,
under a plaited robe, fupported by the
left-hand. When the fragments of
baked earth were put together, they
made two Etrufcau vafes, 10 or 12
inches high. See our vol. LXI.

PP.

*The antiquities Mr. Momite very

judiciously mention, as they were much

mulated,

pp. 734-736. The credit of the letter of Gonnezano, accompanying thefe articles, was not called in queftion; and a Turk confirmed it to our author on the fpot 1788. The barrow was compofed of a layer of fine fand 10 feet thick, another of ftones and fand 4, a third of gravel (glaire) and fione 2 feet, and the laft, which covered the whole, and kept it dry, gravel 6.

Vol. III. comprehends a tranflation of Mr. Morritt's "Vindication of Ho'mer," reviewed in our vol. LXIX. p. 873*, with a map of the plain of Troy.

A map of the fame plain and the country between the ruins of Troy and Mount Ida.

General view of the plain.

View of the Sigean cape, and the tombs of Achilles and Patroclus.

View of the Rhetæan cape and tomb of Ajax.

View of the ruins of the temple of Apollo Thymbræus.

View of the fources of the Seaman-
der, and the village of Bounar Batchi,
fituate on the ruins of antient Trov.
- View of the tombs of Hector and
Efvetes.

Plan and fiction of the tombs of
Achilles, Patroclus, and Ajax.
Bronze figure and cinerary vafes
found in the tomb of Achilles.

At the end of vol. III, are, the Sigean infeription, three Greek found in the ruins of the temple of Apollo Thymbræus, and three others found in the neighbourhood of Alexandria Troas, and Latin ones published in a new work on the Troad published in

Germany.

The laft remarks and obfervations on the plain of Troy were made in June, 1799, by our countryman, Mr. Wilham Franklin, captain of an Eat-In

mutilated, and, in confequence, fo many vague conjectures were made, that, fince He had not an opportunity of feeing them, he dire not hazard an account which be has beard contradicted. Every one agrees, however, that charcoal and bones were found there; an ample proof that it was a place of burial." Mr. Franklin completely dere as the forgery of the figure and vales. In Chevalier's ard account it was Mine, va

feated in a chariot and far, and a metal

urn encircled with a vins-branch.

* Mr. M. public a vindication of himfelf and this work from the "Expoftation" of Mr. Bryant. (See our vol. LXLX. p 873)

dia fhip, fon of the late vicar of Ware and St. Paul's, Covent-garden, who tranflated Sophocles; who obferves, of M. Le Chevalier, that, "from the bett view of the ground he could take, and the beft comparison of facts and circunftances which he could collect, the plain of Troy, as defcribed by him, is, in all its general features, the very feene of action which Homer has deferibed in his poems." (See our vol. LXIX. p. 553.)

80. The Three Books of M. Terentius Varro, concerning Agriculture, tranflated by the Reu. T. Owen, M. A. of Qaren's Cullege, in the University of Oxford, and Rector of Upton Scudamore, in the County of Wilts.

IN the prefent inundation of agricultural writers in our own ifland and, on the Continent it may feem lofs of labour to bring forward, in an English drefs, an author who treated the fabje&t 1800 years ago, and in a part of Europe whofe foil, produce, and cuftoms, differ fo much from thofe of Great Britain. When Varro, who wrote on almoft every fubject, and was

looked

upon by his countrymen as the moft learned man of his time, wrote about agriculture, there were upwards of fifty treatifes on the fame fubject, all in Greek, except what Mago the Carthaginian collected from them, whole works were held in fach eftimation, that the conqueror of Carthage withheld his deftructive hand from that devoted city till he had placed Mago's book in a fafe place. Varro divides his fubject into three parts, Agricultúre, Cattle, and the Villa departiment, from three fources, his own obfèrvation in cultivating his farms, from his reading, and from his converfation with men of experience.

Italy is reprefented as in the best fiate of cultivation of any country, and the produce of its vines and corn are ftated as very high. The two great confiderations with an Italian farmer were, whether the profit might be adequate to the expence and labour, and whether the fituation be healthy or not. The family of Stolo were advocates for fall farms. Agriculturifis ought to aim both at utility and pleafure. Thofe things which render a ground more beautiful in appearance, by culture generally make it not only niore profitable but more faleable, and add to the value of the farm: for,

Review of New Publications.

524 every one wishes to purchase what has a good appearance of the fame value at a higher price than he would a farm in a neglected ftate. (p. 44.) The four points concerning a farm are, its form, its quality, its quantity, and its fences. (p. 47.) Land is of four kinds: champain (rather floping) for corn, hilly for vineyards, mountainous for wood, and a fourth compounded of the other three. Cato preferred, for culture, ground fituated at the foot of a nountain, in a South afpect; and he divided ground into a fcale of nine divifions. Some thought that vineyards ate up the profits; but this depended on the method of training them, the poles and forks for which purpose are of different forts. Land is of three qualities: common, proper, and mixed. The meafures are alfo different, and the farmhoufe fhould be proportioned to the extent of the cellar as much as the cellar or granaries to the produce of the vineyard or corn-land; and there must be water within or near it. The houfe fhould be built at the foot of a wooded hill, among extenfive paftures, fronting to the mofl healthy winds: if near a river, not fo as to be too cold in Winter, or unhealthy in Summer; not too near a marfh, but on an eminence and funny fpot. Warm ox-fialls in Winter; level cellars, convenient kitchen, waggon-fheds, two courts. one to have a pond, and in the outer court, or firaw-yard, another pond, wherein to foak fupines and other things, which are more fit for ufe when macerated; two dung-hills, or one divided into fresh dung and that which is fit for manure, fheltered from the fun by underwood and leaves, or capable of having water let in, that the juices may not be drained, Farmhoules in Varro's time were beginning to depart from the antient fimplicity of ttyle.

Fences are of four kinds: the natyral fence, or quick hedge; the comTon, or dead hedge, of poles and ftakes; the ditch and bank; and the wall. Boundaries farther afcertained by trees: Extraneous advantages are, good and fafe neighbourhood, good conveyance by roads or canals, and advantages on the confines, particularly near cities or great towns. tivation is carried on by flaves or freeCul nien. The ground is to be propor tioned to the families and the time for cultivating it by men or oxen; direc

[June,

tions concerning the choice and ma guard, and of the farming infiruments; nagement of the latter, and of dogs for the fituations for fowing and planting grafs, corn, vines, and olives; for provender, bafil, mongcorn, vetches, medica lucerne], cytifus, lupins; thẹ lendar; which occupy ten chapters; foils, the feafons, or the farmer's caplanting; proportion of feeds to acres'; manure; feed; planting and tranf fence of plantations; parts of corn; time of growth; change of leaves; demowing, and fecond mowing; harveft; threshing, gleaning, and ftubble; vint age; olives; hay, beuer under cover cattle; granaries; apples; apples laid than in ricks, and better liked by the on firaw in rooms with windows to walnuts and pomegranates in fand; the North; turnips in mustard feed; olives, and the amurca, a watery fluid, preft from the olive; muft to be made into wine, and bread-corn.

of the live ftock of the farm; and, in
Book II. treats, in eleven chapters,
countrymen and their families had be
the outfet, the author laments that his
gun to creep into towns, and taken
leave of the feythe and the plough,
The herds of Epirus and Bruttium
fuppofes mien began paftoral life by
were reckoned among the firft. Varro)
catching and taming animals, the
placid nature; there heing till herds
fheep firft, on account of its utility and
of wild cattle, theep, goats, afles,
horfes, and fwine. Paftoral know

ledge is divided into nine different
theep, goats, fwine; 2. the herd, in
parts: 1. the flock, in three parts,
three more, oxen [cattle], horfes,
the flock, as mules, dogs, fhepherds.
affes; 3. what relates to the ufes of
Every one of thefe comprifes nine ge-
neral divifions: four for procuring the
flock, four for feeding it, and one
called common. Thus all the parts
are at least eighty-one, and they are
port." In the chapter of milk we are
really neceflary, and of no little im-
told that "it is the most nutritious of
every liquid fubfiance; firft, fheep's
which is of the moft cleansing quality
milk, then that of the goat; but that
cows' milk, afterwards goats' inilk."
is mares' milk, then afles' milk, then
(p. 187.)

Book III. treats, in feren chapters,
of the villa, or country-houfe; that of
* When each of the nine parts was fub-

divided into other nine parts.

Fundanius,