of the party. The federal administration supports the
Republican Organization with the military forces of the
Union; the case of Louisiana. The whites driven into
the Democratic camp form the "Solid South." Political
formalism pervades the whole life of the South, and makes
the party Organization with its principle of regularity su-
preme in it. The restoration of the whites to power does
not put an end to the Solid South; the politicians try to per-
petuate it in order not to lose their situation. They take
root in the new South. How the novel conditions under
which the leadership was exercised and the economic trans-
formation of the country favoured the professionals and the
mercenaries of politics. How the whole Union became iden-
tified with the state of things which the Solid South has
created and which the party Organizations traded on
115
III. The other effects of the war which gave the Organization a
fresh flight. How autoritarianism and centralization in
political life, as well as concentration in the economic sphere,
which lowered the moral stature of the individual, and in-
dustrial expansion which absorbed all his energies in money-
making, had produced a decline in public spirit. How the
overflowing enthusiasm created by the war only heightened
party feeling. How both of them, the shrinkage of public
spirit, as well as the inflation of party feeling, swelled the
moral sources of the influence of the Organization. How
the Organization strengthened its material hold on the voters
by improvements in its machinery: the Congressional Cam-
paign Committee, the standing committees, and the perma-
nent party associations. How the way in which it worked
got it the nickname of "Machine "
IV. How the Organization having secured the electoral monopoly
thrust itself on the government. The Executive makes over
to it the patronage in the federal service, forced thereto by
the personal obligations of the President to the Organization
which has carried him into power, by his duties towards the
party of which it is the guardian, and finally by the necessi-
ties of the constitutional situation which obliges him to seek
the support of members of Congress, in spite of the legal sepa-
ration of powers. The organic weakness of the presidential
office was accentuated by the weakness of the men who held
it immediately before and after Lincoln. How the Legisla-
tive, which had got the upper hand of the Executive, became
the stronghold of the leaders of the party Organization, and
how the latter, disguised as members of Congress, became,
with the aid of the "courtesy of the Senate," regular
dispensers of the federal patronage