preceded him, bearing the golden crown with which the said Philip was to be crowned, in right of the dukedom of Normandy. Philip, earl of Flanders, also walked before, bearing before him the sword of the kingdom. Other dukes, counts, and barons also preceded and followed him, each being appointed to perform some duty therein, according as the king had commanded them. But king Louis, his father, labouring under old age and a paralytic malady, was unable to be present at his coronation; for, as he was returning from England and staying at Saint Denis, being struck by a sudden chill, he had an attack of paralysis, and lost the use of the right side of his body.

In the same year died Roger, bishop of Worcester, at Tours, where he was buried. In this year, also, died William, earl of Aumarle, and was buried in his abbey at Tornetun.48

In this year, the people of Tuscany, Pisa, and Lucca, and the citizens of Pistoia and of Florence, with the people of the Val d'Arno, and Ugolino de Valle Spoleta, entered into a confederacy to take, by stratagem, Christian, archbishop of Mentz, chancellor of Frederic, the emperor of the Romans; who, after peace was made between our lord the pope and the said emperor, at the Rialto, at Venice, had remained in Tuscany, and by grievous exactions had reduced the people to a distressed state. Having accordingly arranged their plans, they invited Conrad, the son of William, marquis of Montferrat, to meet them, in order that he might take the chancellor by stratagem, as he greatly hated him, though he had lately made peace with him. Accordingly, at the instigation of the rest, and at the request of the emperor Manuel, who promised him the possession or abundant wealth if he should capture the before-named chancellor, Conrad came with a strong force to the city of Camerina, whither the chancellor had come with a few of his followers, and laying hands on him made him prisoner, and, putting him in irons, carried him away with him, and first incarcerated him in a castle which bears the name of Santo Flaviano, and next imprisoned him at Rocca Venaise, and a third time at Aguapendente; then, delivering him into the charge of his brother, Boniface, Conrad himself set out for Constantinople to visit the emperor Manuel, at whose suggestion he had taken the before-mentioned chancellor. As he did not dare to return 48 Qy. if Taunton ?

home, in consequence of the injury he had done to Frederic, the emperor of the Romans, in taking his chancellor prisoner, he remained with Manuel, the emperor of Constantinople, and married one of the nieces of that emperor; on hearing of which, his brother, Boniface, who had kept the above-named Christian, archbishop of Mentz and chancellor to the emperor, in prison, received from him twelve thousand perpera," and set him at liberty.

In the year of grace 1180, being the twenty-sixth year of the reign of king Henry, son of the empress Matilda, the said king was in England, at Nottingham, on the day of the Nativity of our Lord; at which festival, William, king of the Scots, was also present. In this year also, Philip, the king of the Franks, seeing that his father was severely afflicted with a paralytic disease, followed in every respect the advice of Philip, earl of Flanders. Listening to his counsels, he began to practise tyranny over his people, and despised and hated all whom he knew to be the familiar friends of his father: his own mother too, he persecuted to such a degree, that he drove her out of his dominions; his uncles also, William, archbishop of Rheims, count Theobald, and count Stephen, he subjected to great persecutions.

At their entreaty, Henry, king of England, the son, crossed over to England, and told his father of the excesses and vexatious conduct which Philip, king of France, was guilty of towards his mother and his uncles, by the advice of the earl of Flanders; on hearing which, the king of England, the father, with the king of England, the son, before Easter, crossed over to Normandy. Accordingly, they were met in Normandy by the queen of the Franks before-named, accompanied by count Theobald and count Stephen, her brothers, and many other noblemen of the kingdom of France: who, giving hostages to the king of England, the father, and making oath that they would not neglect to follow his advice, became his adherents. After this, the king of England, the father, levied a great army throughout his dominions on both sides of the sea, purposing, after Easter, to enter the territories of the king of France in a hostile manner, for the purpose of avenging the injuries which the new 49 A golden coin of Constantinople, which were more generally called "hyperpera.' They are said to have received this name from the superlative brightness of the highly refined gold of which they were made.

king of France had been guilty of towards his mother and his uncles.

After Easter, Philip, king of France, took to wife the daughter of the earl of Hainault, and niece of Philip, earl of Flanders, being the daughter of his sister; and as a marriage portion with his niece, the said earl of Flanders gave the whole territory of Vermandois as far as the river Lis. Upon this, Philip, king of France, determined to have himself and his wife crowned on the day of Pentecost at the city of Sens; but, by the advice of the earl of Flanders, he shortened the intervening time, and caused himself and his wife to be crowned on Ascension day at Saint Denis, by the archbishop of Sens. When William, archbishop of Rheims, came to know of this, he was greatly incensed, and made complaint to Alexander, the Supreme Pontiff, of the intrusion o the archbishop of Sens, who, contrary to law and the dignity of the church of Rheims, had had the presumption to crown the king of France.

After this, Philip, king of France, and Henry, king of England, the father, held a conference between Gisors and Trie; at which, the king of England, partly by gentle words and partly by threats, prevailed upon the king of France, in spite of the advice of the earl of Flanders, to banish from his mind all the displeasure and indignation which he had felt towards his mother and his uncles, and to receive them again into their wonting favour, covenanting to allow his mother every day seven pounds of Paris money for her daily support, and after the decease of his father, to pay her dower entire and in full, retaining, however, in his own hands the castles and fortified places. At the same conference, by way of making security more sure, the king of England, the father, in presence of Philip, king of France, received homage from Philip, earl of Flanders, and for the said homage granted him one thousand marks of silver yearly, to be received out of the exchequer at London; on condition, however, that in return for the said one thousand marks the earl of Flanders should find each year five hundred knights to serve the king of England for the space of forty days, whenever he should be called upon so to do.

In the same year, Louis, king of the Franks, departed this life at Paris, in the month of September, it being the fourteenth day before the calends of October, and the fifth day of

the week, and was buried at the abbey of Barbeaux; after which, Philip, king of France, and Henry, king of England, the father, met and held a conference between Gisors and Trie, where they made a treaty of peace and reconciliation, which was established on both sides by word and oath, and was to the following effect :—

"I, Philip, by the grace of God, king of the Franks, and I, Henry, by the same grace, king of the English, do will that it shall come to the notice of all, both present as well as to come, that we have renewed the treaty and friendship, by word and oath, which my liege lord, Louis, king of the Franks, and I, Henry, concluded between ourselves before Ivery, in presence of Peter, titular of Saint Chrysogonus, cardinal priest and legate of the Apostolic See, and of Richard, bishop of Winchester, and many other bishops, earls, and barons who were then present; to the effect, that we now are, and wish henceforth to be, friends, and that each will protect the other in life and limb, and will defend his worldly possessions to the utmost of his ability against all men. And if any person whatsoever shall presume to do an injury to either of us, I, Henry, will aid Philip, king of France, my liege lord, against all men to the utmost of my ability. And I, Philip, will aid Henry, king of England, against all men to the utmost of my ability, as my liege and vassal, saving always the fidelity which we owe to our liegemen, so long as they shall preserve their fealty towards ourselves. And neither of us shall from henceforth harbour an enemy of the other in his dominions, from the time that demand shall be made of him. And to the end that from henceforth all matter of discord between us may be removed, we do mutually agree that of the lands and possessions, and all other things which we now hold, each shall henceforth make no claim whatever against the other (except the claim as to Auvergne, respecting which there is a dispute between us, and except the fee of Chateau-Raoul, and except some small fees and allotments of our lands in Berry), in case our liegemen shall take anything from each other or from either of us. And if we shall not be able to agree as to the matters which are above excepted, then in such case, I, Philip, king of the Franks, have chosen three bishops, those of Claremont, Nivernois, and Treves, and three barons, count Theobald, count Robert, and Peter de Touraine, my uncles;

and I, Henry, king of England, have chosen three bishops, William, bishop of Le Mans, Peter, bishop of Perigord, and Robert, bishop of Nantes, and three barons, Maurice de Crouy, William Maingot, and Peter de Mont Rabell, to act in my behalf; and, having examined into the truth on both sides, both themselves as well as by the oaths of the people of those lands, the bishops aforesaid shall assert upon their word of truth, and the laymen shall make oath, that whatsoever they shall find to belong to either as of right, that same they will declare, and in good faith will firmly abide by their decision. But if all those bishops whom I, Philip, have chosen, shall not be able to be present, we will nevertheless abide by the decision of such two as shall be present; and if all the barons named on my side shall not be present, still we will not hesitate to abide by the decision of such two of them as shall be present; and similarly as to those, whom I, Henry, have chosen, both bishops as well as barons. We have also made oath, that we will do no injury to them by reason of their speaking the truth. And if by chance, which God forbid, any dispute shall arise between us as to our territories, the same is to be settled by the same persons in good faith and without evil intent or delay. And if any one of the persons before-mentioned shall in the meantime depart this life, then another one is to be substituted in his stead. And if either of us shall think proper to go on a pilgrimage, the one who remains shall faithfully guard, and protect, and defend against all men, the lands and vassals of him who shall be abroad as though they were his own and part of his own dominions, just as though I, Philip, were defending my city of Paris as if it were besieged, and as though I, Henry, were defending my city of Rouen, if it were besieged. I, Philip, also do will that all merchants and other persons whatsoever, both clergy as well as laymen, coming from the dominions of Henry, king of England, shall, with all their property, be in security and enjoy peace throughout all my dominions. And I, Henry, do in like manner, will, that all merchants and other persons whatsoever, both clergy as well as laymen, coming from the dominions of Philip, king of France, shall, with all their property, be in security and enjoy peace throughout all my dominions. All the above we have made promise both by word and by oath that we will observe. Also, in obedience to our commands,