to aid the Holy Land, after, using therein the counsels of discreet men, you shall have duly considered the rank of such persons and their means, and shall have taken into consideration the intensity of their devotion, you shall have power to change works of penance that have been enjoined for works of almsgiving. We do further will, that, joining with you two brethren, where the same can be found, one of the Hospital of Jerusalem and the other one of the Knights of the Temple, as also other religious laymen, 'you shall provide for discreet knights, or other soldiers, who have assumed the sign of the Cross of our Lord, if they shall be unable to make the voyage at their own expense, a suitable supply out of the said sum, having taken from them a sufficient security that they will remain in defence of the Eastern lands one year or more, according to the amount of the assistance they shall have received; and that if, which God forbid, they shall die on the way, they will not apply the amount so received to other uses, but will, on the contrary, restore it, to be applied in payment of the troops; and such persons, when they shall have returned, shall not be discharged from the sureties which they have given, before they shall have presented to you letters from the king, or Patriarch, or Hospital of Jerusalem, or order of the Temple, or else from our legate, giving full testimony to the fact of their attendance there. But, inasmuch as supreme necessity demands, and common utility requires, that the people of Christendom should, not only in resources, but in person, render aid to the Holy Land without delay against the attacks of the pagans, we do by these Apostolic writings inform your brotherhood, forthwith, prudently and diligently to make it your care to exhort and induce the faithful, both of yourselves and by means of other fitting persons, to the end that those who are capable of fighting the battles of the Lord, may, in the name of the Lord of Sabaoth, assume the sign of the Cross. Let the rest also, according to the extent of their means, bestow their pious alms. We also ourselves, trusting in the mercy of God, and in the authority of the blessed Apostles, Saint Peter and Saint Paul, by virtue of that power which, unworthy as we are, God has bestowed upon us, of binding and loosing, do indulgently grant to all who shall in their own person undergo the labours of this expedition, and incur the expense thereof, plenary pardon for those sins, for which they shall have shown repentance both with voice and

heart, and promise them the blessings of eternal salvation as the reward of the just. To those also who shall not personally go thither, but who shall at their own expense have sent thither fit and proper men to stay there for one year at least, as also to those who, at the expense of others, but in their own persons, shall have undergone the labours of the pilgrimage so undertaken, we do grant plenary pardon for their sins. Of this remission also, we do will that all shall be partakers according to the amount of their aid and the intensity of their devotion, who shall give suitable aid out of their resources in support of the said land. Their own persons also, and their property, from the time of their assuming the Cross, we do take under the protection of Saint Peter and of ourselves, and they are to be under the care of the archbishops and all prelates of the church of God; it being by us enacted, that until the fact of their death or their return is known to a certainty, the same shall remain safe and untouched. And if any person shall presume to act contrary hereto, he is to be compelled by ecclesiastical censure, all power of appeal removed. If also any persons among those proceeding thither shall be bound by oath to the payment of interest, then do you, brother archbishops and bishops, by the same means of coercion, compel their creditors throughout your dioceses, all obstacle by appeal removed, entirely to absolve them from their oaths, and to make them desist from any further exaction of interest. But if any creditor shall compel them to payment of interest, you are, by like measures of coercion, to force him to make restitution thereof, all power of appeal removed. We do also order that Jews shall be compelled by the secular power to remit all claim against such for interest, and, until they shall have remitted the same, we do order that, through sentence of excommunication, all communication whatever with them shall be withheld. These matters also, brother archbishops and bishops, we do wish and command each of you to carry out in his respective diocese; and you are so diligently and so faithfully to follow the same, that in the strict enquiry made at the last judgment, when you shall be standing before the judgment seat of Christ, you shall be enabled to give a becoming account thereof. Given at the Lateran, on the sixth day before the calends of January, in the second year of our pontificate."

In the same month of January, immediately after the Nativity of our Lord, the heart of Philip, king of France, being

hardened, he could be prevailed upon neither by kind nor by harsh measures, to get rid of his adulteress, and take once more his lawful wife: on which, Peter de Capua, the before-named cardinal and legate of the Apostolic See, pronounced sentence of interdict on the kingdom of France, and took his departure, commanding the clergy, in virtue of their obedience, to allow no Divine service to be performed, except baptism and confession; but pope Innocent, on confirming this sentence, excepted therefrom all who had assumed or should assume the Cross of the pilgrimage to Jerusalem, enacting that they might hear mass, and have Christian burial, while all others were to go without the mass and Christian burial.

When, however, the king of France remained immoveable in his evil purposes, our lord the pope proposed to revoke the sentence of interdict, and to excommunicate the king of France, saying, "It is better that one should be punished, than that the whole nation should perish." 9946 On hearing this, the king of France repeatedly sent envoys to the Supreme Pontiff, requesting that the sentence of interdict might be revoked; and, although he suffered a repulse a first and second time, still, at last, it was definitely arranged by our lord the pope, envoys from the king of France acting in his behalf in presence of our lord the pope and the cardinals, that the king of France should put away his adulteress, and take again his wife Botilda, and treat her honorably as a queen and as his wife; and if during the next year the king of France should wish a divorce to be effected between them, the same should be signified to the king of Denmark and the other friends of the queen, when and where the king of France should desire the said divorce to be effected, if the same ought of right to be effected, in order that the queen's friends might be able to attend; and the same was to be signified to our lord the pope and the court of Rome, in order that discreet men might be present on their behalf, to the end that a divorce of such solemn nature might be legally accomplished.

In the same year, Sancho, king of Navarre, hearing of the losses and mischiefs that were inflicted upon his territories by Alphonso, king of Castille, and the king of Arragon, who had gained possession of nearly the whole thereof, returned from Africa, and, again entering his territories, made a truce with the said kings, his adversaries, to last for the space of three years.

4 An adaptation of St. John, xi. 50.

In the same year, that is to say, from the year of the Incarnation of our Lord one thousand two hundred, John, king of England, was at Worcester, in England, on Easter day, which fell on the fifth day before the ides of April, and shortly after he crossed from England into Normandy.

In the meantime, queen Eleanor, the mother of John, king of England, whom he had sent to Alphonso, king of Castille, for the purpose of giving the daughter of the said king of Castille in marriage to Louis, the son of Philip, king of France, returned, having obtained the daughter of the king of Castille. When she had arrived at the city of Bordeaux, and was staying there, on account of the solemnity of Easter, Marchadès, the chief of the Brabanters, came to her, and on the second day in Easter week the said Marchadès was slain in the said city of Bordeaux, by a man-at-arms in the service of Brandin. After this, queen Eleanor, being fatigued with old age and the labour of the length of the journey, betook herself to the abbey of Fontevraud, and there remained; while the daughter of the king of Castille, with Elias, archbishop of Bordeaux, and the others who attended her, proceeded to Normandy, and there delivered her into the charge of king John, her uncle.

On the octave of the Nativity of Saint John the Baptist, Philip, king of France, and the king of England, met to hold a conference between Buttevant, a castle belonging to the king of England, and Gaillon, a castle of the king of France, on the eleventh day before the calends of June, being the second day of the week. At this conference, the king of France restored to John, king of England, the city of Evreux, and the whole county thereof, and all the castles, cities, and lands of which he had gained possession in Normandy during the war, as also in the other territories of the king of England; and John, king of England, immediately did homage for the same to Philip, king of France, and forthwith bestowed the whole thereof on Louis, the son of the said king of France, as a marriage portion, with his niece, the daughter of Alphonso, king of Castille; and on the following day, that is to say, on the tenth day before the calends of July, being the third day of the week, the before-named daughter of the king of Castille was married to Louis, the son of Philip, king of France, at Purmor, in Normandy, by the before-named archbishop of Bordeaux, many bishops and other religious being present, as also many counts and barons of the kingdom of France. But at this time

the kingdom of France was under an interdict on account of queen Botilda, whom the king of France had put away. Immediately after his marriage, the said Louis took with him into France his wife, the daughter of the king of Castille.

While these things were going on, upon the same day, Philip, king of France, and John, king of England, held a conference at Vernon, at this time a town of the king of France; and here Arthur, duke of Brittany, did homage to his uncle John, king of England, for Brittany and his other territories, with the sanction and advice of the king of France; but Arthur, being given up by the king of England, remained in the charge of the king of France.

In the same year, John, king of England, gave to Zachary, the prior of Saint Alban's, the abbacy of Burgh, and to the prior of Burgh he gave the abbacy of Ramsey. In this year also, Robert, count de Drues, brother of Philip, bishop of Beauvais, departed this life. In the same year, on Easter day, which fell on the fifth day before the ides of April, nearly the whole of the city of Rouen was destroyed by fire, together with the church of the archiepiscopal see, and many other churches besides.

In the same year, Otho, king of the Germans, who had been elected emperor of the Romans, sent Henry, duke of Saxony, and William of Winchester, his brothers, to his uncle John, king of England, to demand of him the earldom of York and the earldom of Poitou, which Richard, king of England, had given him, as also two-fourths of the whole of the treasures of Richard, king of England, and all the jewels which the said king had left him by devise. But John, king of England, would not accede to any of these requests, in consequence of the oath which he had sworn to the king of France, to the effect that he would give no assistance whatever to Otho against the duke of Suabia.

In the same year, shortly before the festival of Saint Peter ad Vincula, a pitched battle was fought between the beforenamed Otho and Philip, duke of Suabia, at Brunswick; in which battle, Otho came off victorious, and took prisoners more than two hundred knights of the household of the duke of Suabia.

In the same year, John, king of England gave to Philip, bishop of Durham, leave to hold a fair each year at Hoveden, and at Alverton. To William de Stuteville also, the said king gave per

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