Manufactures and Commerce.] Manufactures are in a very backward state, many articles being imported from foreign countries. The commerce is principally carried on by foreigners, particularly the British. The exports consist entirely of raw produce, such as oil, silk, wool, and fruit.

Curiosities.] The most remarkable curiosities are the ruins of Pompeii and Herculaneum. Pompeii is an ancient city 14 miles from Naples, at the foot of Mount Vesuvius, which was buried by an eruption of the volcano in the year 79, from which time it had been forgotten almost to its name, until discovered about the middle of the last century. The volcanic matter covering Pompeii being a little more than an accumulation of ashes, about a fourth part of the city has been cleared, and severaltemples and columns and numerous ancient buildings have been discovered in a state of perfect preservation. Herculaneum, which was buried at the same time with Pompeii, is 5 miles E. by S. of Naples. Several streets have been cleared, and are found to be paved and flagged on the sides. Many bronze statues have been found, likewise paintings, many of them in high preservation, various ornaments of dress, kitchen utensils, household furniture, surgical instruments, and other implements of all kinds. The whole is calculated to convey a complete idea of the manners of the age, and to correct a number of erroneous ideas of the arts and habits of the ancients. The most valuable remains, however, are the manuscripts. These are all calcined,and a number of them sunk into dust when exposed to the air. About 1700, however, have been preserved, and there is reason to expect that many more may still be found, and among them, perhaps some of the missing classics. It appears that the inhabitants of this city had time to escape when it was destroyed, as very few skeletons are found, while at Pompeii the number of skeletons is very considerable.

ISLAND OF SICILY. Situation and Divisions.] Sicily, the largest island in the Mediterranean, is of a triangular shape, and lies between lat. 36° 40′ and 38° 12' N. and between 12° 42′ and 16° E. lon. It is separated from the continent by the narrow strait of Messina, on the opposite sides of which are the rocks of Scilla and the whirlpool of Charybdis, so celebrated by the ancients : the latter is on the Sicilian coast, and the former in Calabria. The area of the island is estimated at 12,600 square miles, and the population at 1,655,000. Sicily was formerly divided into three parts, viz. the Val di Mazzara, Val di Demone, and Val di Noto; but in 1815 it was divided into 7 intendancies, which derive their names from their principal towns, viz. Palermo, Messina, Catania, Girgenti, Syracuse, Trapani and Calatanisetta.

Face of the Country, Soil, &c.] A chain of mountains proceeds through the island from east to west, and throws off branches towards the south. Between the ridges are beautiful vallies, and along the coasts are extensive plains. The soil has long been noted for its fertility, Sicily having been anciently styled the

granary of the Roman empire; the lands at present, however, are almost entirely in the hands of the barons and clergy, and tracts of many miles in extent are left uncultivated. The productions are corn, vines, olives, silk, flax, hemp and fruits of various kinds.

Volcano.] Etna, celebrated from the most remote antiquity for its volcanic eruptions, is a single mountain on the eastern coast of the island, 180 miles in circumference at its base, and rising by a gradual ascent to the height of 10,95 feet above the level of the sea. Over its sides are scattered 77 cities, towns and villages. From Catania, which stands at the foot, to the summit is 30 miles,and the traveller passes through three distinct zones, called the cultivated, the woody, and the desert. The lowest, or cultivated zone, extends through an interval of ascent of 16 miles, and it contains numerous small mountains of a conical form, about 300 or 400 feet high, each having a crater at the top from which the lava flows over the surrounding country. The fertility of this region is wonderful and its fruits are the finest in the island. The woody region forms a zone of the brightest green all round the mountain, and reaches up the side about 8 miles. In the desert region vegetation entirely disappears, and the surface presents a dreary expanse of snow and ice. The summit of the mountain consists of a conical hill, con taining a crater above two miles in circumference. The approach of an eruption is indicated long before hand by the emis sion of a pale smoke from the crater; this is followed, after some time, by clouds of black smoke which progressively increase in volume. After the lapse of weeks, perhaps of months, the lava begins to boil over the top of the crater, or to burst from some part of its sides; the interior commotion now ceases, and the lava flows slowly down the side of the mountain. It is pressed forward by the fresh liquid continually issuing from the mountain, and burns up every thing before it, but the inhabitants have at times diverted or absorbed it by digging canals. The whole number of eruptions on record is 31, of which not more than 10 have issued from the highest crater. The last was in 1809.

Chief Towns.] Palermo, the capital of the island, is a large and beautiful city, in an extensive plain on the western shore of a bay on the N. coast of the island, in lon. 13° 20′ E. The commerce is extensive and it has important silk manufactories. The harbor is deep and spacious, but dangerously open to the swell of the sea. The population is estimated at 130,000.

Messina is beautifully situated on the strait of the same name, which is here only three miles wide. The harbor is one of the finest in the Mediterranean; it consists of a bay which has the city along its west shore and on the east a long tongue of land, the point of which turns inward, leaving the entrance only a quarter of a mile wide. The circumference of the harbor is 5 miles and the depth in most places not less than 40 fathoms. It is defended by a strong citadel situated on the projecting tongue of land. The commerce of the town is exten

ive, particularly in wine and silks, which are manufactured here in large quantities. The population is 36,000.

Catania is a famous city on the east coast of the island, at the foot of Mount Etna. It has been three times destroyed by the lava of the volcano, but has always risen more splendidly from its ashes, and has a title to rank among the elegant cities of Europe. The harbor is large and the trade of the town considerable, particularly in silks, which are extensively manufactured here. Population 50,000.

Syracuse, on the coast, about 35 miles S. S. E. of Catania, was once the metropolis of all Sicily and one of the most famous cities in the world for the stateliness of its buildings, and the immense wealth of its inhabitants. It is particularly celebrated for its defence, by the wonderful genius of Archimedes, against the the combined fleet and army of the Romans.

harbor, and the population at present is 17,000.

It has a noble

Lipari Islands.] These islands, 12 in number, lie off the north coast of Sicily, between 13° 15' and 15° 39′ E lon. and between 38° 20' and 38° 50' N. lat. The largest of the group is Lipari, which contains 100 square miles. The whole group bears evident marks of a volcanic origin; and in several of the islands the subterraneous fires are still in a state of activity. The most considerable of these are found in the islands of Volcano and Stromboli. The latter is the only volcano known whose eruptions are continued and uninterrupted. Of the 12 islands four only are inhabited and their population is about 20,000. The principal exports are alum, sulphur, nitre and other volcanic products, such as pumice stone, with which they supply a great part of Europe.

Aegatian Islands. These lie at the western end of Sicily, near Trapani They are three in number, Lavenzo, Maretamo, and Favignano. The population of the whole is 12,000.

4. STATES OF THE CHURCH.

Situation and Extent.] This country, forming the temporal dominions of the pope, is a narrow crooked territory, bounded N. by the Po, which separates it from the Austrian dominions; E. by the Adriatic; S. E. by the kingdom of Naples; S. W. by the Mediterranean; and W. by Tuscany and Modena. It extends from 10° 56' to 14° E. lon. and from 41° 19' to 45° N. lat. The area is estimated at 14,500 square miles, and the population according to a census taken in 1815 was 2,345,719.

Divisions. This territory, is divided into 18 delegations, which derive their names from their principal towns. 1. Kome and its circuit. 2. Frosinone. 3. Rieti. 4. Viterbo. 5 Civita Vechia. 6. Perugia. 7. Spoleto. 8. Camerino. 9. Macerata. 10. Fermo. 11. Ascoli. 12. Ancona. 13. Urbino and Pesara14. Forli. 15. Ravenna. 16. Bologna. 17. Ferrara. 18. Benevento.

Natural Features.] The papal territory is traversed from N. W. to S. E. by the Apennines, which serve to moderate the violent heats of summer and give rise to a number of streams, the only one of which possessed of any interest is the Tiber. On the coast of the Mediterranean, between the mouth of the Tiber and the Neapolitan frontier are the Pontine marshes, which corrupt the atmosphere for many miles around. Many attempts have been made to drain these marshes, first by the Roman emperors and at a later period by the popes, but hitherto without complete success. The soil here is naturally rich, but not a twentieth part is in any tolerable state of cultivation, and the country appears rather like a desert than the abode of civilized men. The rest of the territory is generally fertile and produces corn, wine, fruits, &c.

Chief Towns.] Rome, the residence of the pope, and formerly the seat of the Roman empire, and the capital of the world, is built chiefly on the left or eastern bank of the Tiber, 15 miles from its mouth. The space inclosed by the walls approaches to the form of a square, and is about 13 miles in circuit, but two thirds of this space is now covered with vineyards, corn fields or villas. The city abounds with splendid monuments of its ancient magnificence, such as columns, temples, amphitheatres, aqueducts, baths, statues, triumphal arches, &c. Among the ancient edifices is the Pantheon, a structure distinguished equally for solidity and elegance. A still more imposing object is the amphitheatre of Vespasian, which is the largest amphitheatre ever erected, being of an oval form, 581 feet long and 481 broad. Trajan's pillar still stands on the spot where it was erected by that emperor, and is still covered with the admirable bas reliefs, representing his expedition against the Dacians. It is of marble, 133 feet high; 11 feet in diameter at the base and 10 at the top. No city in Europe is superior to modern Rome in the number and magnificence of its churches. The principal is that of St. Peter's, in which the arts of architecture, sculpture and painting, are all displayed in the highest perfection. It was commenced in 1506, and no less than 18 successive popes were employed in its construction. The most celebrated architects of modern times, Bramante, Raphael, Michael Angelo and others have displayed their talents on this vast undertaking, the total expense of which must have amounted to at least £12,000,000 sterling. Entering a circular court formed by a vast colonnade, the spectator is struck by the majestic front of the building, extending 400 feet in length and rising to the height of 180. The eye is at the same time gratified with the majestic dome, rising from the central part of the roof of the church, to the height of 424 feet, reckoning from the ground. The interior of the church corresponds perfectly with its outward grandeur. The Vatican is a palace belonging to the pope, and forming not one but an assemblage of edifices. Its extent is immense, and the number of its rooms is estimated at 10,000. The library of the Vatican is said to contain 500,000

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volumes, and is the largest in the world. Rome has long been a resort for painters, sculptors, and architects from various countries. The population in 1817 was 131,000.

Bologna, the second city in size and opulence, is situated at the foot of the Apennines, between two small rivers, in lat. 44° 30′ N. and lon. 11° 21' E. The churches are of ingenious and costly architecture and adorned in the interior with beautiful paintings. Here is a famous university, frequented by foreigners The manufactures are of considfrom various parts of Europe. erable importance, particularly those of silk. Population, 63,000. Civita Vecchia is a sea-port on a bay of the Mediterranean, 38 miles N. W. of Rome. Population 9,000. Ancona is a celebrated trading town on the gulf of Venice. It is situated on a projecting point of land, is well fortified and has a fine harbor. Population 20,000.

Government, Revenue, &c.] The pope is invested with abso The candidates for the lute power, both spiritual and temporal. papacy must be members of the college of cardinals, to which Their number is nomibody belongs the election of the pope.

nally 70, but is seldom complete. All the cities in the papal ter ritory are governed by prelates appointed by the pope. The revenue is about £600,000. The army does not contain more than 4,000 men.

5. GRAND DUTCHY OF TUSCANY.

Situation, Extent and Divisions.] Tuscany is bounded N. by Modena and the States of the church; E. and S. E. by the States of the church; W. by the Mediterranean, and N. W. by Lucca. It extends from 42° 15' to 44° 12' N. lat. and from 10° to 12° 30' E. lon. Besides the country included in these boundaries there are several small detached territories. The area of the whole is estimated at 8,500 square miles, and the population at 1,180,000. The grand dutchy is divided into three districts, which derive their names from three of the principal towns, viz. Florence, Pisa, and Siena.

Natural Features.] The Apennines run along the northern and eastern frontier, separating the grand dutchy from the States of the church. The country below the mountains is agreeably diversified with fruitful hills, vallies and plains watered by numerous streams, the principal of which is the Arno. The climate is healthy except along the coasts where the exhalations from the swamps corrupt the air.

Chief Towns.] Florence, the capital of Tuscany and one of the finest cities in Italy, stands on both sides of the Arno, in a beautiful valley at the foot of the Apennines. Its streets and But the squares are adorned with pillars, fountains and statues. grand collection of works of art is in the Medicean gallery, known throughout Europe as the gallery of Florence. It is more than