unites parts of one empire. If a na tion,make war upon another, having several allies which aid and abet its arms, the other belligerent is warranted in treating the allies, if they fall into its power, as it might treat the principal itself; and such conquest is not an act of improper aggression, provided the conqueror had just grounds of hostility against the principal belligerent.

XX.

country.

Vattel denounces unjust war in the following eloquent terms:-"He who is engaged in war, derives all his right from the justice of his cause. Whoever takes up

arms without a lawful cause, has no right whatever, and every act of hostility that he He is commits, is an act of injustice. chargeable with all the evils, all the horrors of the war. All the effusion of blood, the desolation of families, the rapine, the acts of violence, the ravages, the conflagrations, are his works and his crimes. He is guilty of a crime against the enemy whom he attacks, oppresses and massacres without cause. He is guilty of a crime against his people whom he forces into acts of injustice, and exposes to danger without reason or necessityagainst those of his subjects who are ruined or distressed by the war-who lose their lives, their property, or their health, in consequence of it. Finally, he is guilty of a erime against mankind in general, whose peace he disturbs, and to whom he is a pernicious example."

XXI.

XXII.

XXIII

If wisdom have any practical influence upon the authors of wars, the best preventive of so great an evil would be the uniform experience of the inutility of wars to effect the special objects for which they are usually undertaken. The complicated nature of the machinery of society, the opposing and subtle interests of various nations, and the changes produced by time on the lives, motives, and conditions of men, render abortive the calculations under which kings and ministers usually embark in wars. The combinations producing public events are indeed too extended, and too complex to warrant, except on extraordinary occasions, an appeal to arms to effect any human purpose; and the history of the professed causes of every recorded war, compared with the terms of every recorded peace, proves the folly of seeking to arrive at any desired or desirable end, by such destructive means.

To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine,

SIR,

CORRESPONDENT in your number for October, under the signature of "A Mother," has taken notice of a disease which appears now very prevalent among children, which chiefly attacks the head, occasioning the hair to fall off, and, if neglected, becoming an extensive sore, but appearing also on >ther parts of the body, in a circle or ring. This seemingly infectious disorder has been quaintly enough called the vingworm, though in fact it differs in un essential symptom from the severer cases of Tinea Capitis, or what our old-fashi. oned and plain-spoken forefathers called scald head, the symptoms of which are well known. Every practitioner knows, that in some constitutions this species of herpes is very inveterate, and reproaches the art of medicine. The over-delicacy of modern manners has perverted the natural appellation of several other com. plaints: thus scrofulous is called scor butic, and when this state of habit prevails, the disease is more difficult of cure. As to the remedies to be employed for the removal of this loathsome malady, I would advise a trial of the simplest at first. The hair should be cut very short, or close shaved; the whole head should ne kept clean with frequent ablutions of soap and water, twice a day at the very least. Sinearing the head with a mixture of finely powdered roli brimstone, or sul phur vivum, and hog's lard, night and morning, may first be tried. If this pro⚫ures no amendment in a few days, let the compound ointment of sulphur be -ed in like manner: if this fail, use equal parts of this last and the ointment of tar, (Unguent. Picis Liquida.) If these reinedies fail, recourse must be had to some of the mercurial preparations. The Unguent. Hydrar. Nitr, or Citrine ointment, may be tried. If the part be too tender, it may be diluted with hog's lard or the tar ointment. White Preci

pitate of Mercury, in the proportion of

one drachin, (more or less) to the ounce of lard, is an useful application for al most any eruption, as well as this. When ll these have been tried without effect, I fear there is little else to be done exrernally. I have heard that a strong infusion, or decoction of tobacco is useful; but I should suppose this was first employed to destroy vermin: an infusion, or ointment made from the Cocculus Indicus, js also spoken of as an excellent appli tion in this disease, especially as a de

stroyer of vermin; but of this I have no experience. Sometimes the discharge from the head diminishes suddenly, and causes derangement of the system, sore eyes, &c. To restore this secretion, perhaps the most effectual remedy is wearing an oil-skin cap for a few days constantly, renewing it night and morning.

With regard to internal means, tha simplest I can mention is a little flowers of sulphur given every morning, or every other morning: if the disease be inve terate, or of long standing, small quantities of mercurial preparations may be had recourse to. One of the mildest, perhaps, is the Plummer's Pill; (Pil. Hydrarg, Subnuriat.) Two, three, or four grams of this should be taken every night. Preparations of arsenic are very good in some cases. Four, five, or more drops of Fowler's Arsenical Solution, may be given two or three times a day. But it must be remembered, that all alterative courses of medicine should be persisted in for weeks, or even for months together, to ensure benefit.

Washes may also be used in addition to the other remedies. Lime water, sulphurated waters, weak solutions of sugar of lead, or of corrosive sublimate in water, also strong solutions of common salt, may all be useful, especially the inercurial solutions. Above all things, perfect cleanliness and washing the parts are essential. In general, the diet should be good, the habit being usually weakly. Decoction of bark, or other bitter medicines, will be highly conducive to the cure, joined to the vitriolic acid. Wine will also be in some cases a good addition. If these remarks shall be of the smallest use, I shall be thankful. Oct. 16, 1813. A. MACHAON.

CAMPANULA trachelium. In Surrey and Kent frequent. I never met with this plant in the north of England. N. J. W.

·CAMPANULA glomerata. About Dorking, Surrey, and Boroughbridge, York. shire. N.J.W-Above Lincome Spaw, and other places about Bath; Mr. Thompson.

CAMPANULA glomerata; var. with a single flower. In Crag Close, near Baryestford, Northumberland, where it was observed many years ago by Wallis. N. J. W.

CAMPANULA hybrida. About Dorking, Surrey. N. J. W.-Near Ripon, Yorkshire; Mr. Brunton.-On St. Anthony Hill, Bath; Mr. Thompson.

CAMPANULA hederacea. Quarries at Crocks moor, near Sheffield; Mr. Salt.Near Brandon also, in the county of Wicklow, Ireland; Mr. M'Kay.-Dunkerry, Somerset; Mr. Woods.-Near Halifax, Yorkshire; Mr. E. Robson,

PHYTEUMA orbicularis. About the chalk quarries near Dorking, Surrey. N.J. W.

JASIONE montara. Foot of Saddleback, Cumberland; near Dorking, Surrey; and Hexham, Northumberland. N. J. W.-Shorncliffe, Kent; Rev. J. Fenwick.-Quarry near Hutton, York shire; Mr. Brunton.

LOBELIA Dortmanna. In Loch Clunie, Perthshire. N. J. W.

VIOLA hirta. Chalk hill near Hedsor Wharf, Bucks; Mr. J. Woods.-Near Malham and Settle, Yorkshire. N. J. W. -Kelhoe, Yorkshire; Mr. Windsor,

VIOLA odorata. B. flore albo. Hedge banks between Dorking and Brockham, Surrey. N. J. W.

VIOLA canina. B. flore albo. Fields west of Betchworth park, Surrey. N.J.W. VIOLA lutea. Pastures near Malham, Settle, Gordale, &c. Yorkshire. N.J. W. VIOLA amana. Foot of Ben Lawers, Scotland. N. J. W.

VERBASCUM Thapsus. About Dork ing, Surrey. N. J. W.

VERBASCUM pulverulenta. Croydon, Surrey; Mr. J. Woods.

VERBASCUM nigrum. About Box Hill, Juniper Hill, Dorking, and Brockham, Surrey. N. J. W.-Near Ripon, York shire; Mr. Brunton.

C. pulchella. Winch's Guide, vol. i. p. 22. Near Hartley, Northumberland. Proves only a small variety of C. contau reum. N. J. W.

CHIRONIA littoralis.-Winch's Guide, vol. i. p. 22. No. 225, and vol. ii. p. 3. preface. Eng. Bot. t. 2305. On the Links near Bamborough, and on Holy Island, Northumberland, July 1804. N. J. W.-On the sea coast at Shoreland, ditto; Mr. Thompson.

SAMOLUS Valerandi. On Holy Island, Northumberland; Castle Eden and Hartlepool, Durham. N. J. W.

LONICERA rylosteum. Hedges south of Alnwick, though probably not indigenous. N. J. W.-On the rocks under the Roman wall on the west side of Shewingshields, and by Crag Lake, Northumberland. Wallis, p. 149. Should this plant be ever found among the wild and romantic rocks at Shewingshields, it might then be really considered a native of Britain; but from observations on the spot, I suspect, smali specimens of the common woodbine have been mistaken for it. N. J. W.-See Fl. Brit. p. 1393.

RHAMNUS catharticus. Kelhoe and Lord's wood, near Settle, Yorkshire; Mr. Windsor.-Studley Woods, ditto; Mr. Brunton.-Walthamstow, Essex; Mr. E

Forster.

RHAMNUS frangula.

On rocks at Malham Cove, Yorkshire. N. J. W.Mackershaw wood, ditto; Mr. Brunton.

These reflections may not unfitly precede the request which I am prompted to make to you. I should feel obliged by your allowing me, through the medium of your widely circulated publication, to notice the beautiful painted glass window with which Linehouse church has lately been ornamented; and which is well deserving the attention of every admirer of the arts. The subject is taken from a design of Mr. West's, and is a figure of our blessed Redeemer, in the act of delivering his heavenly precepts. His countenance is admirably executed. It beams with love and benignity. It is highly expressive of the sweetness of his temper, and the mildness of his character. In contemplating him, the pious believer is lost in humble gratitude and holy adoration. Impressed with the wonders of redemption, he sees the Redeemer before him; and the dignity of his appear ance, and the unspeakable serenity of his look, at once constrain him to acknowledge of a truth, that this man was the son of God, and the saviour of mankind!

This beautiful figure, which awakens such feelings, and creates such a confession of our heavenly master, was executed by Mr. Backlen, of Newmanstreet, and reflects infinite credit upon his talents. He appears to have bestowed uncommon pains on his subject, since nothing can surpass the richness of his drapery, and the fineness of his colouring. This art, in which he promises to excel, if we may judge from the specimen before us, had lain dormant for years; and, in fact, was supposed to have been entirely lost. But experience has proved it to be otherwise; and it only required the enterprising genius, and the industrious labours of man, to arouse and exert his energies to revive the knowledge of an art, with which the altars of our old cathedrals, and the windows of our gothic churches, were alone thought to be embellished. Limehouse church, a fine and spacious building, admirably adapted for the public worship of the great God, and his son Jesus Christ, our Lord and Redeemer, may now boast of its painted window, unrivalled, if not in the gran deur and extent of its subject, at least in the richness and beauty of its colouring, by any of the specimens which the consecrated sanctuaries of religion can furnish us in the kingdom. J. R. Limehouse,

Oct. 18, 1813. MONTHLY MAG. No. 2481

To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine.

SIR,

at Paris since the accession of NaAMONG other able works published poleon, the Zoological Philosophy of Pro fessor Lamarck, of the Imperial Museum, merits the notice of the English public. It is of course impracticable to afford more than a glimpse of the close reasoning, which fills two bulky volumes ; yet as the author's own summaries develope his general view, they may afford tolerably correct ideas of a system of the animal economy, which, to say the least of it, is highly ingenious. His system is very like that of your correspondent Common Sense, (Monthly Mag. No. 226, p. 829, &c.) though both writers have evidently arrived at the same results by different trains of reasoning. M. Lamarck proposes also to draw his deductions in regard to the more complicated machinery of animals from the simplest forms; and going farther still, he attempts to prove the origin of the peculiar powers of dif ferent animals.

“First, it is evinced by many known facts that the continued employment of an organ tends to its developement, strengthens it, and even enlarges it; whereas defect of employment, become habitual with respect to the organ, is prejudicial to its developement, injures it reduces it by slow degrees, and if permitted to subsist in all the individuals which have sprung from one another, during a long series of generations, will terminate in its extinction. Hence we may conceive that a change of circumstances constraining the individuals of a race of animals to change their habits, the organs which are least employed gradually die away, while those which are more frequently exercised are more completely unfolded, and acquire vigour and dimensions proportioned to the habitual employment to which these individuals have subjected them.

"Secondly, when I reflected on the moving power of the fluids, in the very yielding parts which contain them, I was soon convinced that, in proportion as the fluids of an organized body have their motion accelerated, these fluids modify the cellular tissue in which they move, opening passages, and forming various canals;-creating, in short, different organs, according to the state of organization in which they occur.

"From these two considerations, I deemed it certain that the motion of Luids

SG