Leven, in the eastern part of the island, communicates with the frith of Forth through the river Leven. Loch Katherine lies a few miles to the N. E. of Loch Lomond.

Canals.] There is a canal 2 miles long, called the Caledonian canal, extending from Loch Lochy to Loch Oich and completing a navigable communication across the northern part of the island. But the most remarkable inland navigation in Scotland is the great canal from the Forth to the Clyde. It commences on the Clyde below Glasgow and proceeds in an E. N. E. direction 35 miles to the Forth. In its dimensions it is much superior to any work of the kind in England. The English canals are from three to five feet deep, and from 20 to 40 feet wide, and the lock gates from 10 to 12 feet; but they answer the purpose of inland carriage from one town to another, for which alone they were designed. The depth of the canal between the Forth and the Clyde is seven feet; its breadth at the surface 56 feet; the locks are 75 feet long, and their gates 20 feet wide; and the summit level is at the amazing height of 155 feet above the medium full sea mark.

These two canals, with the waters which they connect, divide Scotland into three parts, styled the northern, middle and southern divisions.

Mountains. The principal range of mountains is the Granpian chain, which commences at Loch Lomond n ar the mouth of the Clyde, and extends in the form of a semicircle with its concavity towards the S. E. to the eastern coast, terminating near Aberdeen at the month of the Dee. The principal summits in this range, beginning in the S. W. are Ben Lomond, near the lake of the same name, Ben Ledi, Ben More, Ben Lawres, Shihallion, and Ben Vorlich,all between 3,000 and 4,000 feet high. Ben Nevis, the highest mountain in Great Britain, is near the head of Loch Linhe on the east side. It is 4.350 feet above the level of the Cairngorm, celebrated for the crystals found on it, called cairn gorms from the name of the mountain, is 60 miles to the N. of Ben Nevis, and rises to the height of 4060 feet.

sea.

Face of the Country.] The Grampian mountains divide the country into two parts, called the Highlands and Lowlands of Scotland. The Highlands or northern division, consist generally of an assemblage of vast and dreary mountains, interspersed with innumerable,small lakes, and sometimes with fertile vallies, especially towards the south. A few of the mountains are clothed with green herbage, but in general they are covered with heath, vegetating above peat, rock or gravel,and they frequently terminate in summits of solid rock, or in vast heaps or cairns of bare and weather-beaten stones. The principal exception to these remarks is the eastern district, extending on the coast from the termination of the Grampian mountams around Kinnaird's Head and westward, beyond the mouth of the Spey, including the counties of Aberdeen, Banff, and Elgin. This district has 11 the characteristics of the Lowlands; in some other parts a so, there are occasionally gentle hills consisting of arable soil, and sometimes flat lands of superior quality, especially along the estuaries of the

rivers. In the Lowlands the country bears a great resemblance to Eng and. We here find every variety of surface, verdant plains, gently rising hills and bending vales interspersed with meadows; nor are there wanting, as a contrast, barren moors, and wild uncultivated heaths. In the southern part, around the sources of the Tweed and the Clyde, is a group of mountains, whence ridges of hills extend in various directions. The Cheviot hills run eastward and form for some distance the boundary between England and Scotland. Another branch proceeds north and terminates near Edinburgh under the name of the Pentland hills. A third branch runs N. W. to the mouth of the Clyde, and a fourth S. W towards the S. W. extremity of the kingdom. The Lead Hills containing rich mines of that metal are near the centre of the group.

Soil and Productions.] In the Highlands, which comprehend about three fifths of the whole country, the arable ground bears but a small proportion to the mountainous regions, the ruggedness and sterility of which seem to defy the efforts of human industry. Yet by a judicious mode of stocking the hills and mountains with sheep and cattle, and by sheltering the country with plantations and hedges, the people of Scotland have done much for the improvement of those Alpine regions. Of late many extensive tracts of waste land have been planted with wood, and this species of improvement has been attended with much sucIn many parts of the Lowlands the soil is as fertile as in any part of Great Britain, and agriculture has here reached to a great degree of perfection. The principal agricultural produc tions may be arranged in the following order; grass, oats, turnips, barley, wheat, beans and peas, potatoes. Of 18,943,600 English acres, which Scotland is supposed to contain, only 5,043,050 are under cultivation. Of the cultivated soil about one half is devoted to grass, one quarter to oats, and the remaining quarter to turnips, barley, wheat, &c.

cess.

Climate. Owing to its insular situation the cold in winter is not so intense as in similar latitudes on the continent; and in summer the heat, especially on the coast, is moderated by the sea breezes. In winter it is seldom so cold as in the south of England, but that dreary season is on the other hand protracted to a greater length. The greatest height of the thermometer that has yet been observed was 92° of Fahrenheit, and the lowest at Edinburgh, was 3° below zero. In the eastern parts of Scotland there is not so much humidity as in England, but the western coasts are deluged with rain, owing to the prevalence of the west winds which bring the vapors from the Atlantic ocean. It has been estimated that on the west coast it rains or snows for 205 days in each year, while on the east coast the number is only 135.

Minerals.] The principal minerals are coal, lead, and iron. The great coal district reaches on the eastern coast from Berwick on the Tweed to Fife Ness on the north side of the frith of Forth, and stretches in a W. S. W. direction across the kingdom. It is 90 miles long and on an average 33 broad, embracing nearly 3000

square miles, and a single square mile of this area is more that' sufficient for the annual supply of coal for the whole of Scotland. There is very little coal found north of this district. The principal lead mines are in the Lead Hills, near the sources of the Clyde, in the southern part of Lanarkshire. Iron is found in various places. Agates, rock-crystal, the topaz, the amethyst and other precious stones abound in the mountainous districts.

Chief Towns.] Edinburgh, the metropolis of Scotland, is situated on the south side of the frith of Forth, about a mile and an half from the shore. It is surrounded on all sides by lofty hills except towards the north, where it declines gently towards the sea. On the east, in the immediate vicinity of the city, are the abrupt and rocky elevations of the Calton-hill, Arthur's seat, and Salisburycrags, which last form a continued range of naked and perpendicular rocks, rising like a wall to the height of 800 feet above the level of the sea, and presenting in a distant view a singularly wild and romantic object. The town stands on high and uneven ground, being built on three eminences, which run from east to west. The central ridge, on which a large portion of the Old town is built, is terminated abruptly on the west by a precipitous rock on which the castle is placed, while to the east it gradually inclines to the plain from which rise the lofty elevations of Arthur's seat, Salisbury-crags and the Calton-hill. The valley to the north of this ridge, which was formerly filled with water, has since been drained, and is now a marsh, nearly dry in summer. On the rising ground to the north of this valley stands the New own of Edinburgh. The ravine on the south of the central ridge is also wholly covered with buildings, as well as the southern emInence; and beyond the immediate precincts of the town towards the south, numerous villas have of late been erected, which are chiefly occupied by the more opulent class of citizens. In a great portion of the Old town the houses are crowded and irreg ular, and in some parts rise to the unusual height of 11 stories. The New town has been built within the last 50 years, and is laid out in streets and squares, which for beauty and regularity are not surpassed by any city in the world. The Old and New towns are connected by a mound and a bridge thrown across the valley.

Among the public buildings of Edinburgh the most remarkable is the castle. It is situated at the western extremity of the Old town, on a rugged rock, which rises on three sides from a level plain, to the height of from 150 to 200 feet. In some parts, towards the north more especially, the precipice is perpendicular, and even overhangs its base. The summit is crowned with military works, which being contrasted with the sublime and rocky scenery beneath, give an aspect to the whole inexpressibly grandand romantic. At the opposite or eastern extremity of the Old town stands the palace and abbey of Holyrood, for several centuries the residence of the monarchs of Scotland. Among the other public buildings and institutions of the city are several elegant

churches, the university, the High-school, the Royal society, and Heriot's hospital.

Edinburgh is supported chiefly by its courts of justice. Law is the leading profession; and those who derive their subsistence from this source form the chief class of its inhabitants. There are besides a considerable number who depend on the university and other seminaries; and the constant residence in Edinburgh of so many persons attached to the learned professions, has given to the society of this metropolis a polish which distinguishes it to its advantage above that of any mercantile place. But Edin burgh is the rendezvous of luxury and fashion, as well as of literature and taste. It is the resort during the winter of a great number of opulent families, who find it an advantageous place for the education of their children, and for their introduction into the circles of polite society. It is not in any sense a trading or manufacturing town, but rather the seat of luxurious consumption. The population, in 1811, exclusive of Leith, was 82,624.

Leith, the port of Edinburgh, is about 2 miles to the N. E. of the city, on both sides of the Water of Leith, at its confluence with the frith of Forth. The harbor has only 9 feet of water at neap tides, and 16 at spring tides. Within a few years it has been greatly improved by the erection of two magnificent wet docks.one of which is sufficiently large to accommodate 40 ships of 200 tons, and a third equal in size to both the others, is about to be erected in a part of the harbor where the water is deeper, and will be able to receive frigates. Leith carries on an extensive trade with almost every part of Europe, with the West Indies and America, besides a great coasting trade to the different parts of England and Scotland. The town is rapidly extending itself in various directions, and the parts recently built are laid out on a regular plan, and consist generally of elegant houses. The population in 1811 was 20,363.

Glasgow, distinguished for its extensive commerce and manufactures, is situated principally in a plain on the north side of the Clyde, along the banks of which it extends for a mile and an half, and for three quarters of a mile towards the interior, while extensive suburbs branch out in various directions. Those on the opposite side of the Clyde are connected with the body of the city by 4 bridegs. The Clyde is navigable for vessels drawing seven or eight feet of water as far as the lowest bridge. The situation of Glasgow is singularly favorable for manufactures and trade, placed as it is on the borders of one of the richest coal and mineral fields in Great Britain, while, for carrying off the produce of its industry and receiving returns, the Atlantic opens to it on the one hand through the river Clyde, and the German ocean on the other through the Forth and Clyde canal and the frith of Forth. The communication of Glasgow with the country along the shores of the Clyde, has been greatly aided by steamboats, of which there are now no less than 16 plying the river. Among other manufacturing establishments there are 52 cotton mills, containing 511,200 spindles, and employing a capital of

£1,000,000; 18 works for weaving by power, which contain 2800 looms, producing 8400 pieces of cloth weekly, beside about 32,000 hand looms, 18 calico printing-works, and 9 iron foundries. There are many magnificent public buildings in Glasgow of which the cathedral or high church, is the chief. It has a celebrated university, 35 churches and numerous charitable institutions. The growth of the city within the last 40 years has been remarkably rapid. In 1780 the population was 42,832. in 1811, 110,460, and it is now estimated at 120,000. Port Glasgow is on the frith of Clyde, 20 miles below the city of Glasgow, and is chiefly dependent on it for trade. It contains 5,000 inhabitants.

Greenock, the chief seaport of Scotland, is on the frith of Clyde 21 miles below Port Glasgow. It has a commodious harbor capable of containing 500 ships, and the town is extensively engaged in the foreign trade, coasting trade and fisheries. The population in 1811 was 19,042.

Paisley is a large manufacturing town, 7 miles S. by W. of Glasgow, on the river White Cart, a branch of the Clyde, which is navigable to the town for vessels of 40 or 50 tons. Paisley has long been celebrated for its manufactures, particularly for all kinds of fancy goods, in silk and cotton,goods which,for fineness and elegance, are altogether unrivalled. In 1805 the various manufactures employed 29,030 persons, and the value produced was about £1,500,000. The growth of the town within the last 40 years has kept pace with that of Glasgow. In 1782 the population was 17,700, in 1820 about 46,000.

Aberdeen, the principal city of Scotland north of the Forth, is situated on a rising ground between the rivers Don and Dee, at their efflux into the German ocean. It has a safe and spacious harbor, which has been formed at great expence, but there is a bar at the mouth which prevents the entrance of large vessels. Trade and manufactures of various kinds are actively prosecuted, and to a large extent, but the city is principally famous for its university. The population is 21,629. Old Aberdeen, which is on the Don about à mile to the north, is a distinct town. It contains also a university and 1,911 inhabitants.

Dundee, on the north bank of the frith of Tay, about 12 miles from its mouth, has a commodious harbor, easily admitting vessels of large burden, and furnished with a wet dock and various other improvements on an extensive scale. The inhabitants, 30,989 in number, are chiefly engaged in the linen manufacture. Perth is on the Tay, in an uncommonly beautiful and pictuesque country, 22 miles west of Dundee. It has been the scene of many important transaction recorded in Scottish history. It contains 17,248 inhabitants. Stirling, often the residence of the ancient kings of Scotland, and celebrated for many bloody battles fought in its vicinity, is on the Forth, 35 miles N. W. of Edinburgh. St. Andrews is on the coast between the frith of Forth and the frith of Tay, 39 miles N. N. E. of Edinburgh. Population 3,300.

Universities and Academies.] The University of Edinburgh has long been celebrated, particularly for the eminent qualift