tunnies : Quemadmodum vero pisces per noctem dolosi Ad bolum impellunt, velocibus scaphis ferentes OPPIAN. Terapia is finely situated on a little rocky promontory overhanging the Bosphorus, and is, for nine months in the year, a most delicious residence. On this classic spot an English renegado, named Selim Effendi, was engaged in constructing a paper mill by order of The author next dilates on the unhealthy situation of Constantinople, which, though enjoying a site the most beautiful under heaven, is surrounded by about 20 square miles of marshy Dr. N. ascribes the dreadful ravages of the plague chiefly to this cause, and assigns another reason, of which we do not remember to have by which the fishermen were spearing | after her, that he never would injure a hair | held. This occupation continued without of Yusuf's head, and that if he failed in ceasing, day and night, till the fourth mornmercy towards him, or neglected his advice ing, when the last of the shoal passed he prayed Allah that every drop of milk Terapia. which he had sucked from her breasts might prove as poison within his veins. The Sultana then kissed her son, and soon afterwards expired. This maternal denunciation, the most tremendous to a Turk that can be imagined, was duly remembered by Selim, who did not confiscate a single pias-ground. tre of the many millions that Yusuff had amassed. About twelve months afterwards, Yusuf was sent into Asia as governor of Erzerum-and Selim fell into the snares of his enemies, Mousa Pacha, the crafty Kia- read before, viz. the being clothed in makan; the affair of the Dardanelles, and animal substances, generally in a state the revolt of the janissaries, succeeded; Se- of decay, for the Turkish, Armenian, Dr. Neale was called upon profes-lim was betrayed into the power of his ene- and Greek women, wear silken chesionally to visit the Sultana Validè (the mies, and deposed. The maternal denun-mises, which are very seldom washed. Sultan's mother) who was afflicted with ciation was in a manner fulfilled by the violent death of Selim. The Sultana had an inveterate quartan ague of eighteen been a woman of great beauty, and strong months standing, and died shortly after. natural talents, fond of the English nation, Previous to seeing the patient, there and averse to the dark intrigues of the was a consultation with seven Turkish French and Russian factions. and Greek physicians; three of whom, the Sultan. calling themselvs Boerhaavians, were in favour of one mode of treatment, and the other four, professing themselves to be Brownonians, contended for another. Dr. Neale coincided with the former, and thus describes his visit to the Sultana's kiosk. After exchanging my shoes at the door for a pair of yellow slippers, papouches, we entered the royal apartments. On a mattress, or minder, in the middle of the floor, was extended a figure covered with a silk quilting, or macat, richly embroidered. A female figure veiled was kneeling at the side of her pillows, with her back towards the door of entrance, and the Kislar Agassi (a hideous Ethiopian, the chief of the black Eunuchs) beckoned me to kneel down by her side, and examine the pulse of the Sultana. Having complied with this request, I expressed a wish to see her tongue and countenance, but that, I was given to un derstand, could not be permitted, as I must obtain that information from the report of the chief physician. The most profound silence was observed in the apartment, the eunuchs and physicians conversing only by signs. The Hazni Vekeli (black Eunuch, keeper of the privy purse) then took me by the arm, and turned me gently round, with my face towards the door of entrance, over which was a gilded lattice, concealing the Emperor Selim (III.) who had placed himself there to witness the visit. The patient survived only eight days, being in her 72d year. When the Sultana found herself dying, she sent for her son, and making him kneel down by the side of her couch, she with tears implored his forbearance and future protection in behalf of her favourite (Yusuf Aga, who had amassed immense wealth under her protection.) It is said that she even required the Sultan to repeat an oath During her lifetime she managed her son, and the affairs of the empire. While at Terapia, The wind continuing for two or three days writer) at beholding a singular rippling apfrom the north, we were surprised (says the pearance in the midst of the waters of the Bosphorus, forming a dark serpentine line and all around this rippling were assembled about a mile and a half in length. Over a prodigious concourse of aquatic fowls, solan geese, ducks, quails, divers, &c. which cormorants, pelicans, penguins, shrieked in hoarse concert as they dived upon the myriads of pelamydes (for such they were) which floated down in mid swans, channel. The boats from Constantinople soon arrived to take their share in the tunny fishery, which was but the advanced guard of the grand army coming down from the Palus Meotis, terrified by the first approach of the bleak northern blasts and equinoctial gales. Before mid-day, some hundred boats having arrived, the numbers of fish captured were prodigious. These boats were navigated by Turks, Albanians, and Greeks, habited in the diversified and richly coloured costume of their respective nations, throwing their seines, and pulling against the rapid current, bawling, shouting, and wrangling for the prize, which they were even forced to contest with the fowls of the air, the fish when struggling amidst the meshes who [which] intrepidly descended to seize of their nets. They gave a life and animation to the picture, which, surrounded by the sublime scenery of the Bosphorus, constituted, as a whole, one of the most superb and impressive spectacles I had ever be This is either a mistake of the press or a name applied to some aquatic bird with which we are unacquainted.-EDITOR, death of Don Joze Ocarris, the Spanish murder of Mr. Wood, the messenger, There is a very animated description of Constantinople, which we regret our limits will not permit us to extract. and of the British renegado we have A short notice of Mustapha Bairactar, prevail on ourselves to pass over. Of already mentioned, we cannot however the former we are told His whole life seems like a splendid dream, for he was first a pirate on the Da nube in a small boat manned with nine desperadoes, whose lives and fortunes he commanded. The courage and energy he displayed in this avocation, proved an introduction to the Grand Seignor's favour, who bearer of Mahomet's green ensign, and appointed him Bairactar, or standardfinally, Pacha of Ruschuk, with an in come of about 12,000l. sterling per annum. The duties attached to his Pachalik, were to exterminate his associates the pirates on the lower Danube, and to keep in check his neighbour the Pacha of Widdin, the far-famed Paswin Oglou. For this purpose he had disciplined and kept in pay a corps of 40,000 janissaries, chiefly Albanians. Gratefully attached to Selim, he, on the deposition of that ill-fated prince, marched to Constantinople to replace him frustrated his generous intentions, but he on the throne. The cruel murder of Selim had the satisfaction of deposing Mustapha the fourth, and of elevating to the throne Mahmoud the second, and of being himself appointed Prime Vizier. He died the death of a hero, by blowing himself up in a powder magazine, after having been betrayed at the disastrous feast of reconciliation with the janissaries at Kiat Hane, on the 12th of November 1808." Of the renegadoes, and particularly | leave of Dr. Neale. Had there been a melancholy event, to notice that they of our countryman, the following is the Moslem title was Selim Effendi. This gen little less display of learning in his A Paraphrase on the Economy of Human WITH the exception of the Pilgrim's were the production of a Mechanic-of a man whose acquaintance with the Muses was not the fruit of idlenessa sport to fill up the time; not the result of the circumstances of his education or habits tending to give that bias to the mind; but the offspring of irresistible nature, of an innate passion neither to be repressed by the daily toils for subsistence, nor diverted by the perils and hardships of a seaman's life. This is the genuine poetic feeling; and it is pleasing to contemplate it bursting all bonds, and redeeming one "mute inglorious Milton" from the too common oblivion :-We quote the passage, but must not be misunderstood to mean a comparison. Our Author is, however, a man of real genius, and neither his want of early cultivation, nor his humble lot, have had power to overcome that strong propensity on which hinges the debateable maxim poeta nascitur, non fit. Mr. Macdonald's example would be a potent argument in support of the Roman rule. It has been the constant policy of the Turks to encourage scientific Christians to embrace their religion and enter their service. Renegadoes of this kind were formerly much more numerous than in later times. But their places have been supplied by a class of adventurers chiefly French, like the Baron de Tott, who, without undergoing circumcision, or abjuring their religion, have rebuilt their fortresses and organized their dockyards. The only renegado who was at Constantinople in 1805, was an Englishman named Baillie, whose tleman was, I believe, a native of Reading in Berkshire, and had been in the service of the East India Company. During the embassy of Sir Robert Ainslie, Baillie, and another Gentleman, on their return overland from India, arrived at Pera, and took up their residence at the inn. It was soon afterwards made known by their landlord to the Ambassador, that being in very dis-gious principles which pervade that littressed circumstances, they had entered the volume, are enhanced in value to into a negotiation with the Porte, to embrace the reader by an axiomatic eastern style, Mahometanism, and enter the Turkish ser- not overloaded with metaphor, but parvice. Sir. R. Ainslie had no sooner satis- taking a good deal of that manner which fied himself of the truth of this statement, is almost peculiar to the holy Scripthan he sent for them, and very humanely tures. The book is too well-known to extended to them the pecuniary assistance which they needed, together with many hos-require an example; but we copy seve-in versifying, the task which the Aural passages, at random, lest there thor has performed in paraphrasing should be any one to whom it is not The Economy of Human Life, was cerfamiliar. They are from the last Chap-tainly one of the most apt which he ter on 'Death.' could have undertaken. He has done eth to die well; neither can he have lost all likely to be as highly popular and as He hath not spent his life ill who know-great justice to it, and produced a book his time, who employeth the last portion of morally useful as the original. We notice a few typographical and some rhythmical errors, which we take it for granted will be corrected in the next epithet is among the chief defects. But edition. An occasional redundancy of these are very slight blemishes; and were we asked to pitch upon a work well calculated for the perusal of the pitable attentions, warning them, at the same time, against the fatal consequences that might attend such precipitancy. They promised to renounce their intentions, and in fact soon after embarked for England. But, within twelve months, Baillie returned to Smyrna, and having embraced Mahometanism in due form, assumed the name of Selim. Repenting soon after the step he had taken, he returned to England, but his friends now refused to acknowledge him, it to his honour. He was not born in vain who dieth as he ought: neither hath he lived unprofitably who dieth happily. vices die before thee. Happy is he who time. and finding himself an outcast in society, career. Although there are other parts which we might indulge ourselves, and we trust our readers, in quoting from this agreeable volume, yet as the claims of contemporary literature are numerous and strong upon us, we must now take our Think not the longest life the happiest; that which is best employed, doth man the most honour; himself shall rejoice after death in the advantages of it. Such is the style and manner of the original. The elements of poetry are inherent in it; and it is astonishing with what fidelity our Paraphrast (belying the literal import of that name) has been enabled to clothe it in the garb of English verse. We took an occasion in a former Number of the Literary Gazette (No. 44,) in introducing some lines on a With the talent we have described, a poetical imagination, and great facility humbler classes of society, and for the So death is of our lives the certain test; By her our motives here shall be exprest; Who contemplates his end shall live content; He well hath spent his life who dieth blest, But he who courts oblivion for his guest, Enjoyeth not the gifts his God hath meant, Yet feareth he shall lose the blessings He hath sent. Would'st thou die nobly, let thy vices die When he commands, repress the lingering sigh, At Fate's decree 'tis weakness sorroweth; Are blessings to the Aged sure and rifé ? Let Virtue on thy brow her laurel weave, Rejoice to leave this world of care and strife:This is the whole Economy of Human Life. 'The author's verse is as various as his subjects, and we scarcely know a form which he has not successfully imitated. The following are examples, taken wherever the book opens : WOMAN. Daughter of Love! his fairest child, give ear,— And let the words of Prudence fill thine heart; So shall the charms of mind thy form endear, Man's rational companion throuú wast made, Remember thou art not his passion's slave; SINCERITY. Oh! thou who art in love with Truth, We would recommend a careful revision of this excellent little book; and when the condition of its author, and the difficulties he had to surmount, are considered, we are sure that we shall not be thought to have rewarded what he has already achieved with too warm a panegyric. EXPEDITION OF CYRUS. JOURNAL DEŠ SAVANS POR JANUARY 1818, ANALYSED. Art. 1. Major Rennell's Illustrations of the ries ago by an attentive traveller, by a judi- [M. Letronne, slightly touching on the of his work, that the system of Geography This method has a very marked influ- It necessarily supposes that we know with precision two principal elements: 1. The standard of the measures in which Xenophon expresses the distances between the various stages of his route; and 2d, the positive Geography of the countries through which he passed; for it is clear that if we were in possession of only one of these two elements, it would be wholly impossible to know when the author is mistaken. What then would be the case, if we had not sufliciently precise notions of either the one or the other? Now this is pretty nearly the state of this important question. text of Xenophon with the Itinerary of Jerusalem in two points, that the parasang in Asia Minor answered to three Roman miles... But are we quite sure that in the whole extent of the countries traversed by the 10,000, the parasang was the same? Were there not many parasangs, as there are at this day many farsangs? The probability of this fact would alone be sufficient to cast a doubt on the reality of the errors, which we might be inclined to impute to Xenophon; but this fact is not merely probable-it is certain; and if we nies of Strabo, Pliny, and Agathias, we had not in this respect the precise testimoshould need, in order to convince ourselves of it, but to make a comparison, which, simple and decisive as it is, has not, as far as we know, yet occurred to any body. According to Xenophon, the route from Sardes to the place of battle was 521 parasangs adding 12 parasangs between that place and Babylon, we have for the road parasangs. 450 From Sardes to Babylon. . . . 533 According to Herodotus, the Royal route between Sardes and Susa was (and the detail of the text of Herodotus proves, that there is no error in this sum total.) It is clear, that if the parasang which the two historians have employed is the same measure, the route from Sardes to Babylon must be longer than that from Sardes to Susa-but the contrary is the case; the nearly in the proportion of 11 to 9; whence route from Sardes to Susa is the longest the manifest proof results, that the parasang of Xenophon is not the same as that used to express the distances on the Royal route. We are now then led to the second element: for it appears that the question is now reduced to know, whether the geography of Western Asia is suficiently advanced for us to believe ourselves authorized to tax Xenophon with error whenever he does not agree with our maps. Now it is not necessary to be profoundly versed in the history of geography, to pronounce nega tively, even after reading the detail of the new information which Major Rennell has procured (see our 6th Number.) Let us begin with the measures: The distances are expressed in Xenophon in two It appears by this enumeration, that Mamanners, in stathmes, or day's marches, and jor Rennell has not been able to procure in parasangs, which this author uniformly any thing new and positive respecting the estimates at 30 stadia, From Sardes to interior of Asia Minor, the route from Issus Cunaxa, the scene of the battle, the two to Thapsacus, the course of the Euphrates estimates are applied to each distance; and to Babylon, and lastly, respecting the interthis half of the route is for this reason wor-val between the Carduchian mountains and thy of the entire attention of the geographer; but in the course of the retreat, we find about half the distances expressed in day's march only; for this portion therefore we are obliged for the most part to abandon the calculation of the route, and to have recourse to indications drawn from local circumstances. The first difficulty is to know the length of the parasang, and consequently of the stadium, which was the thirtieth part of it. There are reasons for believing, from the comparison of the Trebisond, that is to say, the largest and most important part of the route by which the Greeks passed. It is therefore certain that the number of precise notions respecting Asia, is still extremely circumscribed. It cannot be too often repeated, that with the exception of some points on the coast of the Euxine and of the Mediterranean, there are not in all Turkey in Asia more than three points astronomically determined, namely Aleppo, Bagdad, and Diarbekir, and even of the two last the longi tude is by no means certain: that of Bag- | to decide that Xenophon is mistaken in any It follows that, considering the positive [Having thus stated his reasons for believing that Major Rennell has been led to impute errors to Xenophon, either from placing too much confidence in the map which he has himself laid down, or from making too frequent application of another basis which is necessarily very uncertain, namely, the mean day's march, M. Letronne enters into a long and elaborate critique, into which it would far exceed our limits to follow him, in which he endeavours to support his opinion, doing justice however in various points to the rare sagacity of the learned geographer. M. Letronne having noticed the chronological discussion, in which Major Rennell attempts to fix the dates of the principal events of the expedition, which he calls one of the chief ornaments of the work, and of which he gives the results, concludes in the following manmer :-] "We here terminate this Analysis, the length of which we hope will be excused by the importance of the work and the merit of the author. Though we have thought it our duty, for the interest of science and truth, to propose to this learned geographer, whose erudition is respected by none more highly than by ourselves, some doubts respecting the employment of his method, and on the application he has made of it to the text of Xenophon, we do not the less render justice to the profound learning, to the talent for discussion, to the judicious criticism which he has again displayed, and of which he had previously given such splendid proofs in his Geographical System of Herodotus. ORIGINAL CORRESPONDENCE. MEDICAL MUSIC. To the Editor of the Literary Gazette. airs or movements in the minor key, especially in A or C minor. Such are the facts, Mr. Editor; and the only difficulty was how to account for them, a task in which I derived great assistance from a little work of modest pretensions, the Pianoforte Pocket Companion, founded upon a theory which, if correct, must indubitably produce the facts which I have stated. The theory there proposed, a theory, I believe, perfectly original, is, that sounds, of whatever nature, enter the ear and tune the tympanum to their specific key; that the ear, thus tuned, acts by sympathy on the larynx, tuning it to the specific key, either by contracting it for major sounds and major intervals, or by relaxing it and increasing its diameter, perhaps also altering its length, for minor sounds and intervals; that the ear also acts in a similar way upon the mind, tuning it either to the major or minor key; that the voice, if singing by note, will act in the same manner upon the ear and mind; and finally, that the mind, if cheerful or sad, will tune the ear and voice to the sprightly major, or serious minor; whence it naturally happens, that sprightly airs will be discordant to an ear tuned minor, and vice versa. my On this theory then, I argued, that throat and windpipe being irritated by a very small portion of viscid phlegm, became painfully contracted, until the relaxation produced by the sympathy from the ear, renewed the tendency to cough; and as the experiment never failed, I am induced to believe that the theory is perfectly correct and philosophical. In the column of "Literary Intelli. gence," in your last Number (59), p. 159, I observe some notice of an Essay on Music, considered in its relations to Medi- Now, Sir, if music can operate thus by cine," announced for publication in Germany, contraction or relaxation upon one part of a subject on which I beg leave to offer a the human frame, it may do so upon others; few curious facts for your very interesting but if the German work, which you anJournal-facts deduced from my own ex-nounce, founds its reasoning upon this perience. Having been for some years troubled with a dry husky cough, I have repeatedly noticed, especially in the evening, when previously free from irritation, that on sitting down to the pianoforte, the irritation and cough have instantly come on. This happened so frequently as to be quite troublesome; but I soon observed that some songs or pieces appeared to have this tendency more than others: then I noticed, that turning from one air to another, or from one part of a lesson to another, the irritation has almost instantly gone off On a closer investigation, I ascertained that the irritating tunes were all in the major key, and that those were most so which had most sharps, more especially than those with flats; whilst those airs that gave relief were in the minor key, an observation to which I was led by the change of key in instrumental pieces. Being very lately afflicted with a most violent inflammation of the lungs, which almost constant irritation and contraction went off slowly, but accompanied with an of the trachea and larynx, I determined to try the experiment how far music might afford relief, and constantly found, that the tendency to cough was always checked by principle, I here beg leave to put in a caveat against any claim of originality on the part of its author, as the little work of which I speak has been published upwards of three years, and therefore, for the sake of our country, I now claim the merit of the discovery, even although the author of that work has not specifically alluded to absolute medical purposes. The musico-medical facts to which I have alluded, are so simple, that any individual may try them; that is, provided he or she possesses a musical ear; and I trust that the extended circulation of your Journal, both at home and on the Continent, will bring these facts to the notice of persons qualified to philosophize upon them to some useful purpose. Yours, LEARNED SOCIETIES. L. CAMBRIDGE, March 13.-The election to the vacant Pitt Scholarship was this year contested for by fourteen candidates; and what is not a little singular, on the day appointed for the decision, the talents of Mr. Trin. Coll. Geo. Waddington Fellow; Jas. Clarke Franks, and Thos. Purvis.St. John's: John Smith and Thos. Watson, Fellows; Chas. Scott Luxmoore, and Robert Wynne.-St. Peter's: Aldersey Dicken, Fellow.-Clare Hall: Edw. Tomson Bidwell, and Robert Ridsdale, Fellows. Jesus: Fred. Calvert, Fellow. - Corpus Christi: John Holmes, Fellow.-Immanuel: Randall Proctor Burroughes, and Geo. Archdall, Fellows.-Sidney: Henry Geo. Keene, Fellow, and Henry Wynch. Mr. Richard Holmes, of Corpus Christi College, was on Friday last admitted Bachelor of Arts. Mr. John Heyrick Macaulay, of Trinity College, and Mr. Augustus Blatch Beevor, of Corpus Christi College, were on Saturday elected Sholars on Dr. Bell's foundation. Mr. Alexander Charles Louis d'Arblay, B. A. of Christ College, was on Friday elected a Foundation Fellow of that society. Mr. Joseph Hindle, B. A. of St. John's College, was on Monday last elected a Foundation Fellow of that society; and Mr. Edward Bushby, B. A. was on the same day elected a Platt Fellow. Mr. Warren, B.A. and Mr. Skinner, B.A. of Jesus College, were on Monday last elected Fellows of that society. It appears by the University Calendar for the present year, that the number of members whose names are on the boards amounts to 3,444, being 169 more than the preceding year. In 1748 the number was only 1500. ARTS AND SCIENCES. ANTIQUITIES IN THE CRIMEA. Count Langeron, Governor of New Russia, turns his attention with particular solicitude to such objects as may contribute to the progress of public instruction in its different branches. Archaeology will be indebted to him for several interesting discoveries made near the ancient city of Panticapæum, now Kertez, formerly the capital of the European states of Mithridates Eupator, and still possessing a seat hewn in the rock, which is traditionally called the seat of Mithridates. After a series of excavations in the different sepulchres of this country, executed under the direction of M. Dubreus, an old officer of the army of Condé, and Knight of St. Louis, who is now employed at the saltworks of Kertez, a valuable col The Taurica Chersonesus. |lection has already been commenced, of | General of the Customs at Odessa, whose MECHANICAL ARTS. The serious inconveniencies attached to the present mode of steeping hemp has long been a subject of complaint throughout Europe. M. Christian, Director of the Royal Conservatory of Arts and Manufactures at Paris, has recently invented a machine, which has been worked in all the principal manufactories of Flanders and Picardy. It has been submitted to every requisite experiment, and appears to fulfil all that can be wished. In addition to the numerous economical Count Langeron, in order to determine the situation of the famous Temple of Diana, so celebrated in the heroic ages by the history of Iphigenia and Orestes, has attempted to verify upon the spot, the description given of its situation by Strabo, and after him by M. Sestzenkewitsch, Primate of the Catholic Churches of Russia. The researches have proved, that the pre- advantages which are expected to arise cision and exactness of the description of from the use of this machine, it produces the environs of this temple, leave no doubt a very considerable saving in the bleaching; respecting its situation, which may be fixed for the operation of steeping, the chief at about 104 stadia, (nearly 25 wersts, or object of which is to dissolve the resinous six French leagues) from the ruins of the substances contained in the stalks, injures ancient town of Inkermann (the Ctenos of the colour of the flax, whilst the new Strabo) at 20 wersts from the new town machine, by operating without moisture, of Sebastopol, and near the site of the preserves it in its natural colour. ancient and immense Chersonesus Heracléotis, in the narrow streets of which we go 10 or 15 wersts in a straight line, where there are still to be seen vestiges of temples, and other public buildings. The promontory on which the ancient temple was situated, forming a saliant angle, rises in a peak more than 400 toises above the level of the sea. At the foot of the promontory are observed two rocks, in the forms of elongated cones; it is said that they used to throw upon a rock the corpses of the unfortunate victims sacrificed on the altar of Diana. Near the rocks, and on a level with the sea, are vast and deep caverns, which if we were permitted to admit an episode in the history of Iphigenia, might have served as a retreat for Pylades and his companions in arms. There are still visible traces of a path, which ascended from these caverns in the direction of the temple. The aspect of these savage scenes, where on the one side nothing is seen but the sea, often agitated by storms, and on the other the horizon, bounded by the acrid and black mountains of Balaclava (the ancient Simbolon) could not but augment the regret of Iphigenia at finding herself for ever removed from the lovely plains of Argolis, where she was born. At the distance of a werst from this temple, is situated the Monastery of St. George, recently built. There are daily found in the ruins of the famous Chersonesus Heracleotis, as well as in the environs of the ancient Phanagoria, now Tamou, various medals as antonomous, as of the ancient kings of the Bosphorus, of which some amateurs have collections: among others, his excellency the senator Count Swerin Pototsky, a distinguished lover of antiquity, and M. de Blaremberg, Inspector A new machine for removing the earth dug up in making canals, has recently been invented in France. The Inventor asserts, that by the aid of this machine, a cubic toise of earth, weighing twenty-six milliers, may be removed in the space of an hour, to a distance of twenty toises, at the moderate expence of two francs; whilst by the ordinary mode, the same operation costs upwards of three francs.-Foreign Journal. THE FINE ARTS. THE BRITISH INSTITUTIO“. No. 7. No. XXIV.-COTTAGE ON THE ESTATE OF Sir G. Beaumont, associates in our minds CCI.-THE BOAR THAT KILLED ADONIS |