treatment that the construction is limited to the subjunctive mood alone, a restriction which by no means applies. He does not mention como, cuando, or si clauses introduced by prepositions, whether complementary or supplementary in function 1. Meyer-Lübke correctly abandons the « Kasussatz » method of presentation and treats prepositional complementary clauses as << propositions-régimes » 2. His examples of the « propositionrégime avec préposition » are however limited to de que, a que, and en que clauses and he gives no adequate criterion whereby we may differentiate between subordinate clauses introduced by prepositions that are « propositions-régimes» and those that function as the « complément adverbial » 3. By what is apparently an oversight, he limits the governing element to verbs, adjectives, and verbal phrases equivalent in value to transitive verbs1. Prepositional complementary como, cuando, and si clauses are not discussed, except for the citation of one example of an a si clause 5. Hanssen confines himself to the bare statement that the que clause may be governed by a preposition. He also mentions and gives examples for si and cuando clauses introduced by prepositions, but his treatment of the latter type of clause is restricted to para cuando clauses 6. The Gramática de la Real Academia Española adduces a long and interesting list of complementary de que, a que, and en que clauses. But, in the distinctions it attemps to draw between the «< complemento indirecto,» the « complemento circunstancial », the «< comple

1 Text-book, §§ 912-914.

2 Gr., § 581.

The term «< complement » as used in this study corresponds to the term • régime » used by Meyer-Lübke, while « supplement » is equivalent to his ⚫ complément adverbial ».

Among his examples, however, he cites several cases of complementary de que clauses after nouns.

Op. cit., § 578.

"Gr., §§ 650, 657, 660.

mento con preposición», and the « oración adverbial» it often places in the same category both complementary clauses and supplementary clauses. For example, in the first category are placed a que, para que and a fin de que clauses, in the second are grouped together porque, de que, ya que, and como que clauses, in the third occur de que, en que, sin que, and con que clauses, while the fourth category embraces temporal, modal, hypothetical clauses, etc. Prepositional complementary como, cuando, and si clauses are not treated 1. Cuervo cites examples of our construction under the individual words which govern prepositional complementary clauses 2. He also discusses complementary de como and supplementary para cuando clauses 3.

5. PURPOSE AND SCOPE OF THE PRESENT STUDY. It is evident from the preceding analysis that a re-study of this characteristically Iberian construction is needed. To that end all the examples of prepositional complementary clauses that occur in twelve of the novels of Pérez Galdós have been collected, and will be studied in Part I of the present work. Part II will be devoted to the presentation of material which it is hoped will throw some light upon the historical background of the modern Spanish usage 5.

6. BASIS OF CLASSIFICATION AND METHOD OF TREATMENT. As we have seen, the fundamental difference between prepositional supplements and prepositional complements, whether in the form of phrases or of clauses, lies in the extent to which the introductory preposition throws light upon

1 §§ 396-399 (edition of 1920). One a como clause is, however, cited.

2 Cf. Dicc., articles acordar, acusar, aguardar, alegrar, etc.

3 Cf. Dicc., II, pp. 241b and 635a.

For a list of these texts, cf. p. iii.

5 For a list of texts from which the historical material is taken, cf. p. iii.

the exact nature of the subordinate relation. In prepositional supplements the exact nature of the subordinate relation is fully indicated in the meaning of the preposition, which consequently possesses in full definite and independent content. In prepositional complements light is thrown upon the exact nature of the subordinate relation by the meaning both of the governing element and of the preposition, but it is not fully indicated by either alone; the preposition, consequently, lacks to a certain degree definite and independent content. In direct complements, the exact nature of the subordinate relation is fully indicated in the meaning of the governing element itself. Thus prepositional complements occupy an intermediate position between prepositional supplements (or adverbial modifiers) and direct complements (e.g. direct objects).

Accordingly, prepositional complementary clauses fall into three main groups: (I) those cases in which more light is thrown upon the nature of the complementary relation by the meaning of the governing element than by that of the preposition, (II) those cases in which light is thrown upon the nature of the complementary relation to a relatively equal extent by the meaning both of the governing element and that of the preposition, and (III) those cases in which more light is thrown upon the nature of the complementary relation by the meaning of the preposition itself. Groups I and II are treated under one heading, that of << intrinsic complements » and Group III forms what shall be called << extrinsic complements » 1.

Consequently, in Group I, where the determining factor of greatest importance is the governing element, the character of the governing element is taken as the basis of classification. In Group II, however, where the concrete meaning of the preposition becomes an important factor, the material

1 For definition of these terms cf. pp. 25, 93.

is classified under the various prepositions; the same classification holds true for Group III, where the concrete meaning of the preposition is the predominating factor.

In Part II no attempt will be made to make an exhaustive study of the historical development of the prepositional complementary clause. The material was collected to form a background for the study of the modern Spanish construction. The arrangement while largely following that adopted for Part I, shows at the same time the chronological development of the individual constructions. As the Cervantes material is relatively much more extensive than that of the previous period and as it shows a much closer relationship to the modern Spanish period, it has been deemed advisable for purposes of comparison to treat this material separately.

7. ARRANGEMENT OF MATERIAL: The examples under each heading are arranged on the basis of their governing elements, which, to facilitate reference, are listed alphabetically. The total number of examples of each construction is given in parenthesis after the key-word.

PART I

PREPOSITIONAL

COMPLEMENTARY CLAUSES

IN THE NOVELS OF PÉREZ GALDÓS

CHAPTER I

PRELIMINARY REMARKS

1. PREPOSITIONS THAT INTRODUCE COMPLEMENTS. Before proceeding to the detailed treatment of prepositional complementary clauses in Galdós, we shall endeavor to obtain an idea as to which are the particular prepositions that introduce complementary clauses in modern Spanish.

Of the Spanish prepositions a certain number can be excluded. from consideration in this connection because they are never found with clauses. These prepositions are ante 1, bajo, cabe, contra, entre, hacia, and so. An element which contributes to this, and which in most instances is probably decisive, is the fact that these prepositions are so definitely concrete in value that they cannot readily be used to introduce conceptions so abstract as clauses. Although certain prepositions in this group might perhaps, under slightly different circumstances,

1 The modern Spanish preposition ante is here meant, not the Old Spanish adverb ante, whose derivative in s (antes) is the one in exclusive use as an adverb today.