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Moravians, Universalists, Jews, seamen, Swedenborgians, and Unitarians.

The Battery is a beautiful open space, containing several acres of ground, at the S. W. point of the city. It commands a fine view of the harbor, with its shipping, islands, and fortifications, and is much frequented by the citizens. The Park is a handand some common, in front of the City Hall, containing 4 acres, is also a place of fashionable resort. The Elgin Botanic garden It is 3 miles from the City Hall, and contains about 20 acres. was founded in 1801 by Dr. David Hosack, and was purchased by the state in 1810, for $74,268, and presented to the Medical college.

New-York harbor is a large bay, 9 miles long and 4 broad, which spreads before the city on the south side, having Long island on the east, and Staten island and New-Jersey on the west. On the north it receives the Hudson; on the N. E. it communicates with Long island sound through East river; on the west with Newark bay, through the Kills; and on the south with the Atlantic ocean through the Narrows. It embosoms several small islands, as Governor's island, Bedlow's island and Ellis's island, near the city of New York, on each of which are fortifications. The harbor is deep enough for the largest vessels, well secured from wind and storms, sufficiently spacious for the most numerous fleet, and the currents are so rapid, that it is seldom obstructed by ice.

New-York is admirably situated for commerce, on an excellent harbor, at the mouth of a noble river, with an extensive, fertile, and populous back country. It imports most of the goods consumed in the state of New-York, the northern half of NewJersey, and the western parts of New-England; and exports the produce of the same section. This city owns more shipping than any other in the Union, and more than half as much as the city of London. The amount of shipping in 1816 was 299,617 tons. The revenue from the customs, collected at this port, is about one fourth of the whole revenue of the United States: in 1815, it was $14,409,790. The revenue of the city for city purposes, for the year ending May 12, 1817, was $483,011.

Few cities in the world have increased so regularly and rapidly as New-York. In 1697, the population was 4,302; in 1756 13,040; in 1799, 33,131; in 1800, 60,489; in 1810, 96,373; and in 1820, 123,706. The inhabitants are from many different nations. More than one third are of New England origin. After these, the most numerous are the Dutch and Scotch, and then the English, Irish, and French.

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ALBANY, the seat of government, and the second city in the state in population, wealth and commerce, is situated on the west bank of the Hudson, 160 miles north of New-York. large proportion of the houses are built of brick, with slate or tile roofs, and the style of building has very much improved within a few years. Among the public buildings are a state house, substantialy built of stone, at an expense of $115,000; an ele

gant academy of red free stone; a jail; an almshouse, theatre, arsenal and 11 houses for public worship. The city is supplied with excellent water from a spring, 3 miles distant, by an aqueduct which conveys it to every house. Albany is finely situated for commerce, at the head of navigation for large sloops on the Hudson; and the canals now in progress will soon connect it with lake Champlain and lake Erie. Several steam boats ply regularly between this city and New-York, and usually perform their passages in about 30 hours. The population of Albany in 1820 was 12,630.

Troy, on the east bank of the Hudson, 6 miles above Albany, is considered the third town in the state in commerce and wealth. The city is regularly laid out on a plain, and makes a beautiful appearance. It contains a courthouse, 2 banks, and 5 houses for public worship. Troy is finely situated for a commercial and manufacturing town, being at the head of sloop navigation on the Hudson, and the creeks which here fall into the river affording numerous excellent situations for mills and manufactories. Population, in 1820, 5,264. Lansingburgh is a flourishing town, 3 miles north of Troy, on the same side of the river. Waterford is on the Hudson, at its confluence with the Mohawk, opposite Lansingburgh, with which it is connected by a bridge, 10 miles above Albany. Sandy Hill is a handsome compact village, on the east bank of the Hudson, 52 miles N. of Albany, immediately above Baker's falls, where the water descends 76 feet within 60 rods. Fort Edward is situated a few miles south of Sandy Hill, on the same side of the Hudson, near the great bend, and at the point where the canal from lake Champlain opens into the river. In the old wars it was an important military station, controlling the communications between the Hudson, lake Champlain and lake George. Whitehall is a thriving village, situated at the southern extremity of lake Champlain, on both sides of Wood creek, at its entrance into the lake. The canal from lake Champlain to the Hudson commences here, and the trade of a considerable extent of country is concentrated in the village.

Hudson is finely situated 30 miles south of Albany, on the east bank of Hudson river, which is navigable to this place for the largest ships. The site of Hudson is a high point which projects into the river, terminating in a bold cliff, on each side of which are bays of considerable extent. The city is regularly laid out, and in 1820 contained 5,310 inhabitants. The creeks on the borders of the town afford fine seats for mills and manufactories, and a few years since, Hudson was regarded as the third town in the state in manufactures and the fourth in commerce. Poughkeepsie stands on the east bank of Hudson river, 85 miles south of Albany and 75 N. of New-York. It is well situated for commerce and manufactures, and in 1820 contained 5,726 inhabitants. Newburgh is on the west bank of the Hudson, 5 miles below Poughkeepsie, and in 1820 contained 5,812 inhabitants.

Schenectady, the seat of Union college, is regularly laid out on a plain on the S. E. side of Mohawk river, 15 miles N. W. of Albany.

The city contained in 1820, 3,939 inhabitants. Utica is situated on the south bank of the Mohawk, 93 miles W. N. W. of Albany. It is handsomely laid out in streets and squares, and contained in 1820, 2,972 inhabitants. This village is the central point where the principal turnpikes from various parts of the state unite, and is a thoroughfare of the travel between a large section of the western country and the Atlantic ports. The Erie canal also passes through it and will add to its commercial importance. Rome, on the Mohawk, 15 miles N. W. of Utica, is a place of considerable business.

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Plattsburgh is on lake Champlain, at the mouth of Saranac rivIn the bay before this town the American fleet under Commodore M'Donough captured a British fleet of superior force on the 11th Sept. 1814. Ogdensburg is 116 miles north of Utica, at the confluence of the Oswegatchie with the St. Lawrence. It has a safe and spacious harbor and is well situated for trade.

Sacket's Harbor is on Black river bay, a branch of Hungry bay, at the east end of lake Ontario. The harbor is perhaps the best on the lake. It is well situated both for shelter and defence, and is sufficiently deep for the largest vessels. Here are several ships of war, built during the late war, and among them two ships of the line of the first rate. Buffalo is situated at the mouth of Buffalo creek, which discharges itself into Niagara river, just at the point where it leaves lake Erie. It has considerable trade, being situated on the best channel of intercourse between the Atlantic and the regions of the west. It has suffered hitherto for want of a good harbor, Buffalo creek being ob. structed at its mouth by sand and gravel driven in by the wind. Black Rock, on Niagara river, 2 miles below Buffalo, is at present the station for the steam boats and other vessels employed in the navigation of lake Erie.

Auburn, the capital of Cayuga county, is situated at the outlet of Owasco lake, 170 miles west of Albany, on the great western turnpike. It has numerous mills and manufactories, and a state prison large enough to contain 1,000 prisoners. A Presbyterian Theological seminary has been lately established here. Geneva is a beautiful and flourishing town on the west side of Seneca lake near its outlet.

Canals.] For several years past the state has been engaged in the improvement of its inland navigation, on a scale never before witnessed in this country, and with an energy and liberality which excite universal admiration. A grand canal is now in progress, which will open a water communication from Hudson river to lake Erie, and another is already completed, uniting the same river with lake Champlain.

The Erie canal, when completed, will be 350 miles long. The route is as follows: Beginning at Albany, on the Hudson, it passes up the west bank of that river nearly to the mouth of the Mohawk; then along the south bank of the Mohawk, through the counties of Albany, Schenectady, Montgomery, Herkimer and Oneida to Rome. From Rome it proceeds in a S. W. direc

tion, and crosses Oneida creek into Madison county. where it turns to the west and passes through Onondaga county, approaching within a mile and a half of Salina, at the south end of Onondaga lake. It crosses Seneca river at Montezuma, and passing by Lyons and Palmyra, strikes the Genesee river at Rochester. West of the Genesee river, it runs on the south side of the Ridge road, and parallel with it for 60 miles, and then turning to the south, joins Tonne wanta creek 11 miles from its mouth in Niagara river. The channel of the Tonnewanta will be made use of for these 11 miles, and the canal will then proceed in a southerly direction, from the mouth of the Tonnewanta, along the east bank of Niagara river, to Buffalo on lake Erie.

This route may be divided into three sections. The western section extends from Buffalo to Montezuma on Seneca river, 160 miles: through this distance, the level of the canal uniformly descends from the lake, and the whole descent is 194 feet by 25 locks. The middle section extends from Montezuma to Rome, 77 miles; through this distance the level of the canal uniformly ascends, and the whole ascent is 49 feet. The eastern section extends from Rome to Albany, 113 miles: through this distance the level of the canal uniformly descends, and the whole descent is 419 feet by 46 locks. The aggregate of rise and fall is therefore 062 feet, and the difference of levels between lake Erie and the Hudson, 564 feet.

The canal is 40 feet wide on the surface, 28 at the bottom, and 4 feet deep. It was estimated by the commissioners in 1817 that the whole expense would be $4,881,733, viz: the western section $1,856,862; the middle section, $853,186; the eastern section, $2,196,690; and general expenses, $75,000. The canal was commenced on the 4th of July 1817, and the commissioners anticipate its entire completion before the close of the year

1823.

Among the benefits of this grand enterprise, it is expected, that besides furnishing an outlet for the agricultural produce of vast and fertile regions, salt may be supplied to the Atlantic states from the great salt works at Salina, cheaper than from abroad. In the progress of the canal also, gypsum of the best quality bas been discovered, and in sufficient quantities for the supply of the whole United States.

The Champlain canal is 22 miles long, from Whitehall at the mouth of Wood creek, on lake Champlain, to Fort Edward on the Hudson. It is 40 feet wide at the surface, 28 at the bottom, and 4 feet deep. The locks are 90 feet long, and 14 feet wide in the clear. The descent from the summit level to lake Champlain is 54 feet, and from the summit level to the Hudson, 30 feet. The expense was about $260,000. The canal was opened in the summer of 1820, and though the navigation was interrupted for three months, considerable quantities of Inmber passed through it. By means of dams, locks and other improvements, a good boat navigation has been opened on the Hudson, from Fort Edward as far down as Saratoga falls. At Saratoga falls a canal was

commenced in 1820, which is to extend along the west bank of the Hudson to Waterford, at the mouth of the Mohawk, a distance of 27 miles. The whole expense of continuing the Champlain canal from Fort Edward to Waterford, was originally estimated at $621,000, but from a more minute examination of the country, and the discovery of unexpected facilities, the estimate is now reduced to $400,000. It is expected that the whole will be completed, and a navigation opened from lake Champlain to the tide waters of the Hudson in 1822. Plans have been recently submitted to the legislature of the state for improving the navigation of the Hudson below the head of tide waters, so as to admit of the ascent of ships to Albany.

At Rome there is a canal, one mile and an half long, connecting Mohawk river with Wood creek, and opening a communication through this creek, Oneida lake, and Oswego river, into lake Ontario.

Education] Columbia college, formerly called King's college, in the city of New-York, was established in 1754. It has a president, 5 professors, 140 students, a library of 3,000 or 4,000 volumes, a valuable philosophical apparatus, and an annual revenue of more than $4,000. A Faculty of medicine was formerly attached to the institution, but in 1814 it was separated from it.

Union college, in Schenectady, was incorporated in 1794, and is a very flourishing institution. The college edifices are finely situated on an elevated spot of ground, and contain accomodations for more than 200 students. The philosophical apparatus is respectable. The library contains about 5,000 volumes. The officers in 1820 were a president, 4 professors, and 2 tutors. The number of students at the same period was 245.

Hamilton college, situated near the village of Clinton, 10 miles W. S. W. of Utica, was incorporated in 1812, and has been liberally patronised by the legislature and by individuals. It has a president, 3 professors, 2 tutors, a library of about 2,000 volumes, and 100 students. The college buildings are about a mile west of the village, on a high hill, commanding a very extensive prospect.

A college of Physicans and Surgeons was establised in the city of New-York in 1807, and in 1814 the Faculty of Medicine which was formerly attached to Columbia college, was united with it. Thus united, the college of Physicans has 7 professors, and is one of the most respctable and flourishing medical institutions in the country. The Elgin Botanic garden is attached to this institution.

The Common School fund consisted in 1822 of $1,139,130 and 25,000 acres of land. It yields annually the sum of $77,417, which is appropriated to the support of common schools, and it appears from the report of the Superintendant in 1820, that nine tenths of all the children in the state between 5 and 15 years of age received instruction.-Besides the common schools and the colleges, there are 40 or 50 incorporated academies in the state. All these institutions are under the superintendance of a body of

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