the older type of manufacturers, who continued to rely upon primitive methods and state support and protection. It was this divergence which was chiefly responsible, as already stated, for the division in the Chamber in 1787 in connection with the treaty of commerce with France.

This vital defect in the plan of organziation of the Chamber serves better than anything else to point out the significance of the organization as an indication of the emergence of the great manufacturers, distinct from the older and more conservative types. And in spite of its defects and its obscurity, the General Chamber of Manufacturers was unquestionably a body of importance. In addition to its significance as an indication of the growing strength and community of interest of the new industrial capitalism, it promoted the local organization of manufacturers and traders along substantially present-day lines; and it may be regarded as a fore-runner, in effect if not in form, of modern associations of manufacturers for maintaining lobbies, committees, and attorneys to promote their interests particularly as affected by politics. In its intolerance of governmental restrictions and in its desire to extend commercial relations into new fields by breaking down the barriers of the old protective system, it was a herald of nineteenth-century liberalism. Its own immediate political influence was a manifestation of the forces which, though checked by wartime reaction, culminated in the nineteenth century in the indirect domination of the state by the industrial oligarchy.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

The editions given below are the editions cited in the text.

I. NON-CONTEMPORANEOUS ACCOUNTS AND BIBLI

OGRAPHIES.

Abram, W. A., History of Blackburn, Town and Parish. Blackburn, 1877.

Baines, Edward, Jr., History of the Cotton Manufacture in Great Britain. London. [1835].

A comprehensive popular account of the rise of the cotton industry.

Baines, Edward, and Whatton, W. R., History of the County Palatine and Duchy of Lancaster. 4 vols. London, 1836. The biographical portions by Whatton.

Baines, Thomas, and Fairbairn, William, Lancashire and Cheshire, Past and Present. 2 vols. London, n. d.

The part dealing with manufactures, commerce, and enginecring by Fairbairn.

Bischoff, J., A Comprehensive History of the Woollen and Worsted Manufactures. 2 vols. London, 1842.

An uncritical collection of sources connected by the author's comments.

Brooke, R., Liverpool as It Was During the Last Quarter of the

Eighteenth Century. Liverpool, 1853.

Browning, O., The Treaty of Commerce between England and France in 1786. In Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 1885, N. S., Vol. 2, pp. 349-364.

Chapman, S. J., The Lancashire Cotton Industry. A Study in Economic Development. Manchester, 1904.

A careful study dealing with labor as well as with capital in the cotton industry, and containing a valuable selected and critical bibliography.

Cunningham, W., Growth of English Industry and Commerce in Modern Times. Pt. 2. Cambridge, 1912.

A standard work, with valuable bibliographies.

Davies, J., A Collection of the Most Important Cases Respecting Patents of Invention. London, 1816.

Dircks, H., The Life, Times, and Scientific Labors of the Second Marquis of Worcester. London, 1865.

An annotated reprint of Worcester's Century of Inventions is added, as well as other documents, and bibliographies of early works on mechanical subjects. The work is an interesting but perhaps exaggerated commentary on the crude and meager mechanical knowledge of Worcester's time.

Dowell, S., A History of Taxation and Taxes in England. 1 vols. Vol. 4, Taxes on Articles of Consumption. London, 1884. Dumas, F., Etude sur le traite de commerce de 1786 entre la France et l'Angleterre. Toulouse, 1904.

Ellison, T., The Cotton Trade of Great Britain. London, 1886.

Uncritical.

French, G. J., Life and Times of Samuel Crompton. 2d ed. Manchester, 1860.

Guest, R., Compendious History of the Cotton Manufacture. Manchester, 1823.

The author attempts to disprove Arkwright's claim to the invention of cotton machinery, and attributes both the spinning jenny and roller spinning to Thomas Highs. A much-quoted and highly controversial work. Contains interesting documents and plates.

Hammond, J. L. and Barbara, The Town Laborer, 1760-1832. London, 1917.

An enlightened and attractive study. A bibliography in cluded.

Hands, W., The Law and Practice of Patents for Invention. London, 1808.

Helm, E., Chapters in the History of the Manchester Chamber of

Commerce. London. [1902].

Humphreys, A. L., A Handbook to County Bibliography, being

a Bibliography of Bibliographies Relating to the Counties and Towns of Great Britain and Ireland. London, 1917. McCulloch, J. R., The Literature of Political Economy. London,

1845.

......

A classified catalogue, with historical, critical, and biographical notes." Unless the author's well-known preconceptions in favor of Ricardian economics are kept in mind, the criticisms are misleading, but the work contains valuable information.

MacNeill, J. G. S., The Constitutional and Parliamentary History of Ireland till the Union. New York, 1918.

Used in connection with the Irish Resolutions of 1785. Mainly political, and based principally on non-contemporaneous accounts.

Mantoux, Paul, La Revolution Industrielle au XVIIIe siecle: Essai sur les commencements de la grande industrie moderne en Angleterre. Paris, 1905.

A comprehensive and valuable study, with extensive bibliography, in part critical.

Meteyard, E., Life of Josiah Wedgwood. 2 vols. London, 1865, 1866.

Lacking in critical apparatus and at times in critical insight, but useful particularly because of quotations from manuscripts. Moulton, H. F., The Present Law and Practice Relating to Letters Patent for Inventions. London, 1913.

Owen, Robert, The Life of Robert Owen Written by Himself. London, 1857.

Parker, C. S., Sir Robert Peel, from His Private Papers. 3 vols. London, 1891, 1899.

Virtually a collection of sources. The first few pages of Vol. 1 deal with the prime minister's father and grandfather, both manufacturers.

Radcliffe, William, Origin of the New System of Manufacture Commonly Called "Power-Loom Weaving." Stockport, 1828.

Contains reminiscences of the author's experiences during the period of transition to power spinning in the cotton industry. Rose, J. H., William Pitt and National Revival. London, 1911.

Rose, J. H., The Franco-British Commercial Treaty. In English Historical Review, 1908, Vol. 23, pp. 709-724.

[Strickland, Mary Cartwright], A Memoir of the Life, Writings,

and Mechanical Inventions of Edmund Cartwright. London, 1843.

[Troughton, T.], The History of Liverpool. Liverpool, 1810. Wedgwood, Julia, The Personal Life of Josiah Wedgwood. London, 1915.

Wheeler, J., Manchester: Its Political, Social, and Commercial History, Ancient and Modern. 1836.

Of slight value.

White, G. S., Memoirs of Samuel Slater. 2d ed., Phila., 1836. Wood, H. T., A History of the Royal Society of Arts. London, 1913.

II. CONTEMPORANEOUS SOURCES OF INFORMATION.

1. OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS.

Minutes of the Evidence taken before a Committee of the House of Commons (on Irish Resolutions). 1785.

Minutes of the Evidence taken before a Committee of the House of Lords (on Irish Resolutions). 1785.

The Report of the Commissioners for ...... His Majesty's Cus toms (on Irish Resolutions). 1785.

Report of the Commissioners of Excise to the Committee of the Honorable the House of Commons (on Irish Resolutions). 1785.

Report of the Lords of the Committee of Council

......

Relating

to Trade and Foreign Plantations upon the two Questions Referred to them by His Majesty's Order in Council of the 14th of January last. 1785. (On Irish Resolutions). Report from the Select Committee on the Laws Relating to the Export of Tools and Machinery. 1825.