academic body, with a membership throughout the United States and in Europe, interested in all subjects pertaining to finance and political economy; and although this Academy is wholly distinct from the Wharton School, yet the ideas which are sought to be examined in the Wharton School and by the Academy are the same. It may be said therefore that the American Academy of Political and Social Science is a product of the Wharton School at the hands of one of the eminent members of its faculty.

It should also be said that the Wharton School faculty has been in sympathy and close touch with the American Society for the Extension of University Teaching, and that society has been able to reach the community in and about Philadelphia and at distant points by means of well organized courses of lectures in social science, American and European history, in literature, in the natural sciences, and in political economy. The lecturers in social and political science and in American and European history have been, with few exceptions, identified with the work of the Wharton School; its faculty and fellows have provided instruction in these subjects for the University Extension centers affiliated with the American Society for the Extension of University Training.

The American Academy of Political and Social Science, with a membership of 3,000, publishes its Aunals bimonthly and reaches probably 10,000 readers. The contributors to the Annals are eminent specialists in Europe and America, and the value of the Annals is fully appreciated by libraries, newspapers, specialists, and general readers. It is a means for a high order of instruction in political and social science. It is edited by Prof. James, with the assistance of two professors in the Wharton School, Roland P. Falkner and James Harvey Robinson. By means of this Academy and its Annals, and through the instrumentality of the American Association for the Extension of University Teaching, the Wharton School reaches hundreds of thousands of people, who are the recipients, in this manner and through this agency, of the best modern academic instruction on the principles and literature of finance, political economy, and social science.

This is not the whole influence of the School; it has increased in membership and has attracted a class of students of a high order of intellect, in the University and from other coleges and institutious and its graduates have met with uniform success upon their entrance into the world of business or upon professional life. Therefore the Wharton School means an education for such a country as ours. It conforms soundly with the best notions formulated by Franklin, and is in accord with the wants of our time. That the Wharton School was a creation in due time is suggested by the founding of two schools of political and social science contemporaneously with it. The Columbia School of Political and Social Science was opened October 4, 1880, and the School of Political and Social Science of the University of Michigan was opened a year later.

As long ago as 1865 the legislature of South Carolina, in reorgan izing the college at Columbia under the name of the University of South Carolina, provided for a school of history, political philosophy, and economy, which was probably the first provision for a school of this kind in this country.

The causes which led later to the founding of the School of American History and Institutions led also to the founding of the Wharton School, namely, the specialization of educational interests. Jefferson was the first American to plan technical schools in the University, and it is an interesting suggestion that with the wide advancement of the nation in population and wealth, and with the necessary coöperative agencies working out the great social, political, and economic changes of the country, it is necessary that technical schools should be founded, not only in chemistry, biology, medicine, dentistry, mining engineering, law, and theology, but also in history, political science, language, and economics. The whole tendency in higher education in this country since the civil war is toward and in the foundation of such technical schools. The Wharton School of Finance and Economy is such a school.

The School has the advantage of adequate library facilities and location in the chief manufacturing city of the country. It also has the advantage of nearness to the great cities of the Atlantic seaboard, whose libraries and economic conditions are easily accessible to study or to personal observation, and its location also makes possible frequent lectures before the school by eminent public men, who, having interests in the city, in Washington, New York, or Baltimore, can, with slight inconvenience to themselves and great advantage to the students of the School, address the School upon financial and economic subjects in which they are specially informed. In this way the students of the School meet eminent officials in the service of the State, municipality, and of the nation, and are enabled to learn the present day conditions of public affairs.

The publications of the School comprise monographs on subjects for the investigation of which the School was founded. On several occasions the American Bankers' Association and other similar associations in various parts of the country have seen fit to commend the purpose and organization of the Wharton School, and to suggest that other universities establish such schools.

The Wharton School of Finance and Economy is at once a center for the study of political economy, and a college of practical affairs, offering courses suitable to those young men looking forward to a business career (whether in merchandising, banking, insurance, or transportation), to journalism, the public service, teaching economics and politics in our schools and colleges, or to the study and practice of the law, and in all these departments it has now eminent representatives and illustrations of the value of its curriculum.

1 See chapter XVIII, on the School of American History and Institutions.

CHAPTER XIII.

THE BIOLOGICAL SCHOOL.

The growth or coming of the biological school represents the evolution of an idea.

Philadelphia, probably earlier than most of our American cities, evinced a pronounced tendency toward studies in the natural sciences. Botany especially received marked attention. Bartram's botanical garden was started as early as 1728. That of Marshall (a relative of Bartram), in Chester County, was established in 1773.

Dr. David Hosack was born in 1769. His botanical garden near New York was not started until 1801. His fondness for natural history was very decided, and manifested itself early in life. He received his collegiate training in Princeton and his medical education in Philadelphia. It is, therefore, quite probable that he was influenced in his determination to start a botanical garden by the success of the one which, under the care of Bartram, had already become so celebrated. It is evident that this early predilection for botany in and around Philadelphia must be accounted for. Bartram and Marshall were merely the most distinguished of a considerable number who were inclined to such studies.

Eastern Pennsylvania derived a large proportion of its early colonists from the Society of Friends. Their power was great from the date of their arrival, and it was constantly exerted in the direction of education and humanizing influences. We can not wonder that minds of more than ordinary activity among them were drawn to studies of nature. The amusements of the "world's people" were forbidden to the "Quaker" youth. Indeed, they were mildly discouraged from too close an association with others than the members of their own society. The serenity of mind so desired by the "Friend" was cultivated by the calm contemplation of growing plants and living animals. The open field and the deep forest, rather than the haunts of men, were the natural outlet for pent vitality. Possibly even in the bright colored flowers some compensation might have been found for the forbidden admiration of gaudy attire. Then, too, the influence of these early botanists and zoologists among those outside their own religious circle could not fail to be felt, and most so by the better representatives of the early citizens of Philadelphia.

From what follows, it will probably appear that the University of Pennsylvania has been fortunate in having trustees who have from the first been favorable to the natural sciences; and that the repeated attempts and failures to establish these studies have been due to no fault of theirs, but to a lack of pecuniary support, which appears to be common to all young colonies or nations.'

So far as now appears, Dr. Adam Kuhn, a pupil of Linnæus, was the first botanical professor in Philadelphia, or in the country, being appointed in the year 1788. There is, however, no record of any important work connected with his name. As early as the year 1800 Dr. Benjamin Smith Barton was teaching botany in Philadelphia, and numbered among his pupils in 1803-204 at the University of Pennsyl vania, William Darlington, who subsequently became known as one of the most learned and exact botanists of his day in this or in any country. Dr. Darlington says of his preceptor, "that he did more than any of his contemporaries in diffusing a taste for the natural sciences among the young men who then resorted to that school.” He also published in 1803 "the first American elementary work on botany, at Philadelphia." It is clear, then, that the influence of Professor Barton was very considerable.

The minutes of a trustee meeting held April 7, 1812, show that "a letter was received from Dr. Barton requesting the use of one of the rooms in the University to deliver his lectures on natural history and botany in." The request could not be granted. In July, 1813, Dr. Barton resigned his professorship of materia medica, a position which does not appear to have been a bed of roses. He was succeeded by Dr. Chapman.

The following minute appears of a trustee meeting of November 7, 1815:

Whereas, the legislature of Pennsylvania by their act passed the 19th March, 1805, granted to the trustees of this institution out of the moneys due to the State the sum of three thousand dollars for the purpose of enabling them to establish a garden for the improvement of the Science of Botany, Resolved, that Mr. Rawle, Mr. Chew and Mr. Burd be a committee to consider and report the best method of carrying the said intention of the legislature into effect.

February 6, 1816, at a trustee meeting Mr. S. C. Rafinesque and Dr. William P. C. Barton offered themselves as candidates for the professorship of natural history and botany in the University.

At the same meeting, on the motion of Mr. Rawle, the following was submitted to the consideration of the board:

Resolved, That a faculty of physical science and rural economy be instituted, to consist at present of the following professorships: 1st, of Botany; 2d, of Zoology; 3d, of Geology and Mineralogy; 4th, Comparative Anatomy aud the Veterinary Art.

'Desirable as it might be to have a full statement of all the events, chronologically arranged, which prepared the way for the biological school, it is clearly impossible within the limits of this paper. It will, therefore, be understood that only the more important ones are alluded to.