student has an opportunity of studying and experimenting with the apparatus usually used in making mechanical tests.

Shopwork.-A large floor space is set apart for work in wood and metals. Provision is made for the instruction of 10 students in wood work and 10 in iron work at the same time, and a competent mechanic is in charge of each division, under the direction of the head of the department, thus insuring constant and careful supervision of the work of every student. Each bench is supplied with a complete set of the tools necessary to carry on the general work, and special tools are issued as needed. All the work is done to blue prints of working drawings made in the department. The course extends over two years, and the time is equally divided between the two shops. During the junior year the student learns in the wood shop the methods of handling the tools, keeping them in good order, making joints and similar work. A part of the time is spent on the wood lathe. In the iron shop cast-iron blocks are provided, which are finished with the file or scraper, the student getting a good idea of the use of the hammer and chisel. About one-third of the time is spent on the drill-press and lathes, turning, by the aid of the hand tools, to drawings furnished. In the senior year the work done in the wood shop consists of making patterns from working drawings, which have been made by the students from standard machinery or from their own design. In the iron shop the work consists of finishing castings made from the patterns constructed in the wood shop, fitting parts of machinery, the use of hand tools for cutting threads, and a short course in pipe fitting, thus giving an idea of the tools and fittings used in ordinary work. The University does not seek to train students in the use of machine tools, deeming it better to employ available time in the training of hand and brain together by a thorough mastering of the principles governing really manual acts; hence, the laboratory does not include an elaborate equipment in tools, the fashion and use of which are continually changing. Electrical Engineering.-A course in electrical engineering, extending over parts of two years, has been established in this department. The work begins in senior year with a discussion of quantity, potential, current, resistance, electrostatic measurement, magnetism and magnetic measurement, electromagnetic measurement, and the units adopted in practice. The course then treats of the measurement of currents, the construction, calibration, and use of galvanometers, the measurement of difference of potential, quantity, resistance, a study of batteries, insulation tests and the apparatus used, the constructing, testing, and advantages of different ammeters and voltmeters, measurement of power and efficiency of dynamos and motors, and the efficiency and life of incandescent lamps.

The theory of dynamo electric machines is taken up, and the characteristics of each of the different types are studied. Motors are studied in their theoretical and practical aspects. Lectures are given on elec

tric lighting, wiring on the different systems, and the theory and prac tical management of accumulators.

The course in the electrical laboratory covers the use of all the test apparatus for measuring currents, resistances, insulation and capacity, the testing of dynamos and motors, storage batteries and commercial ammeters and voltmeters. The apparatus in this department is being rapidly increased, and now contains galvanometers, resistance boxes, keys, and other apparatus from the best American and foreign makers. The classes are limited in size, thereby having the work of each student carefully overlooked by the instructor in charge of the work.

B. DEGREES.

The degree of bachelor of science (B. S.) is given to students in the Towne Scientific School, at the end of the senior year. The technical degree of practical chemist (P. C.), mining engineer (E. M.), civil engineer (C. E.), or mechanical engineer (M. E.) is given to bachelors of science in the Towne School at the end of the post-senior year. Alumni of the Towne School, who hold a bachelor's degree, may receive the technical degree corresponding to their special course on completing satisfactorily at any time the studies of post-senior year.

The number of students attending instruction in the Towne Scientific School during the college year 1892-93 is 292. Of these, the PostSeniors number 15; the Seniors, 57; the Juniors, 59; the Sophomores, 86, and the Freshmen, 85. Of the Juniors, 23 take mechanical and 18 civil engineering, 10 mining, and 8 chemistry. Of the Seniors, 18 take mechanical and 10 civil engineering, and 19 mining and chemistry. Of the Post-Seniors, 8 are mechanical engineers, 4 civil engineers, and 3 chemists.

FOUR-YEAR TECHNICAL COURSES.

In 1891, four-year technical courses were established in mechanical and electrical engineering, in civil engineering, and in chemistry. The four-year course in mechanical engineering begins in the first year with those subjects which do not require an extended preparation in mathematics, and is intended to give in the early years the necessary mathematics and physics required for more advanced work. No subjects are taken outside of those directly pertaining to the work of the mechanical engineer, and thus a somewhat larger amount of time can be devoted to the strictly technical branch of the work. In this course sufficient electrical engineering is given to make the students familiar with the principal applications of electricity to engineering problems. The course in electrical engineering begins with the first year, and for the first two years is identical with the four-year course in mechanical engineering. After the end of the second year the class devotes more time to the electrical work, although sufficient mechanical work is retained in the course to enable the students to understand much of the practical details of mechanical engineering.

The course in chemistry during the first year consists in the execu tion of a rather extended series of experiments upon the nonmetals and metals. The student will only omit those of greater difficulty and such as require a skillful manipulator for their performance. In addition, he will attend lectures and recitations and will be obliged to solve numerous examples based upon the various reactions that he conducts practically. The skill and familiarity with chemical methods acquired in this way will fully prepare him for the work of the second year, which will be mainly analytical, though considerable time will be allotted to the preparation of a well-selected series of inorganic salts.

In quantitative analysis he will be given every opportunity to familiarize himself with pure scientific methods in gravimetric, electrolytic, and volumetric analysis, also with gas analysis and the methods of technical analysis applied in the various branches of chemistry. The instruction in theoretical chemistry will be imparted by lectures; that in applied chemistry by lectures not only by the regularly appointed professors, but also by invited specialists, and further supplemented by frequent visits to chemical plants in this and adjacent cities. The lectures and recitations in organic chemistry will be conducted parallel with practical work upon this subject. The aim will be to have the student prepare typical substances from the whole field of organic chemistry. The most recent methods of analysis peculiar to this field will receive due attention. In the fourth year, the candidate will have the greater portion of his time to devote entirely to the principal subject and will be offered the privilege of prosecuting chemical work in the direction of pure inorganic, organic, or technical chemistry. The solution of some problem in one of these departments will constitute the thesis which he will be expected to prepare before presenting himself for his final examination.

For admission to the four-year courses in mechanical, electrical, and civil engineering the student must be prepared, in addition to the subjects required of all candidates for admission to the scientific department, to pass examinations in plane trigonometry and the use of logarithms in elementary physics and in French or German. For admission to the four-year course in chemistry the only additional subject required is French or German.

Upon the successful completion of the four-year course in one of the subjects above named the student will receive the degree of Bachelor of Science in mechanical engineering, in electrical engineering, in civil engineering or in chemistry, corresponding to the course which he has pursued. These Bachelors of Science of three years' standing, are given the technical degree in the same subject on giving evidence that they have made marked progress in their professious, and on submitting a satisfactory thesis. The degree of Master of Science is conferred upon Bachelors of Science after one year of resident graduate study.