The degree of bachelor of medicine, which had been dropped by the College after its reorganization in 1789, was now abolished altogether, and ever since the University of Pennsylvania has given only one medical degree, that of Doctor of Medicine.

The first faculty of the University of Pennsylvania was formally constituted as follows, attendance upon the course of botany and natural history, however, not being necessary for graduation: Anatomy, surgery, and midwifery, William Shippen, M. D., Caspar Wistar, M. D., adjunct; theory and practice of medicine, Adam Kuhn, M. D.; institutes of medicine and clinical medicine, Benjamin Rush, M. D.; chemistry, James Hutchinson, M. D.; materia medica and pharmacy, Samuel P. Griffitts, M. D.; botany and natural history, Benj. Smith Barton, M. D.

The death of Dr. Hutchinson, in the latter part of 1793, was followed by the election of Dr. James Woodhouse, in 1795, to the chair of chemistry; and the resignation of Dr. Griffitts, in 1796, led to the election of Dr. Benj. Smith Barton to the professorship of materia medica. After the retirement of Dr. Kuhn, in 1797, Dr. Rush filled the duties of the two chairs-theory and practice of medicine, and the institutes and clinical medicine-until 1805, when the professorships were consolidated. In the same year the chair of surgery was created, and filled by the election of Dr. Physick; and in 1809 Dr. John Redman Coxe was chosen to fill the professorship of chemistry, left vacant by the death of Dr. Woodhouse.

It is worthy of note that in 1806 a petition from the medical faculty of the University was laid before the legislature requesting that a law be passed which should prevent the practice of medicine by ignorant persons who had not graduated from some university or college, a petition whose object was first advanced in the present decade by a law regulating the practice of medicine in the State of Pennsylvania.

For forty-five years after the foundation of the Medical School, the chairs of anatomy and obstetrics were united, but in 1810 obstetrics disenthralled itself from servitude, although it was distinctly stated in the resolutions of the Board of Trustees creating the professorship of midwifery that it was not necessary for students to attend the lectures of such chair in order to obtain the degree of doctor of medicine, and it was not until 1813 that the professor of midwifery was made a professor of the medical faculty and attendance upon his lectures became compulsory. The first professor of midwifery was Dr. Thomas C. James, who was elected in 1810. In 1834 he was succeeded by Dr. William P. Dewees, who in 1825 had been elected adjunct professor of obstetrics. In 1835 Dr. Hugh L. Hodge took the chair, to be followed in 1863 by Dr. R. A. F. Penrose, whose resignation, in 1888, was followed by the appointment of two assistant professors, Drs. Howard A. Kelly and Barton Cooke Hirst, of whom Dr. Kelly resigned the following year and Dr. Hirst was raised to the full professorship.

The chair of practice of medicine was filled by Dr. Barton from 1813 to 1816, when Dr. Nathaniel Chapman took the position, which he held until 1850, when Dr. George B. Wood was transferred to it, to be succeeded in 1860 by Dr. William Pepper. In 1864 Dr. Pepper was forced by ill health to retire, and Dr. Alfred Stillé was elected, to be followed in 1884 by the present incumbent, the younger Dr. William Pepper.

The chair of materia medica was filled from 1813 to 1816 by Dr. Nathaniel Chapman; from 1816 to 1818 by Dr. John Syng Dorsey; from July, 1818, to 1835 by Dr. Coxe; from 1835 to 1850 by Dr. George B. Wood; from 1850 to 1876 by Dr. Joseph Carson, who was followed by the present incumbent, Dr. Horatio C. Wood.

In 1818 Dr. Goxe was succeeded in the chair of chemistry by Dr. Robert Hare, whose resignation in 1847 was followed by the election of Dr. James B. Rogers. After his death, in 1852, his brother, Dr. Robert E. Rogers, was chosen. He filled the chair until 1877, in which year the present incumbent, Dr. Theodore G. Wormley, was elected.

In 1818, at the death of Dr. Wistar, the chair of anatomy was filled by the election of Dr. John Syng Dorsey, who died suddenly the same year. After performing the duties temporarily, Dr. Physick was prevailed upon to accept the professorship in 1819. In 1831 Dr. Physick resigned his active connection with the school, and the chair was conferred on Dr. William Horner, who had been adjunct professor of anatomy, and at whose death, in 1853, Dr. Joseph Leidy, was elected. Dr. Leidy died in 1891, and was succeeded by the present incumbent, Dr. George A. Piersol.

After the vacation of the chair of surgery in 1819 by Dr. Physick, it was filled by Dr. William Gibson, who was succeeded in 1855 by Dr. Henry H. Smith, after whose resignation in 1871 Dr. D. Hayes Agnew was elected, to be succeeded in 1889 by the present incumbent, Dr. John Ashhurst, Jr.

In 1835 the chair of the institutes of medicine, which in 1805 had been united with the chair of practice, both to be filled by Dr. Rush, was separated from it, and the professorship was given to Dr. Samuel Jackson, who resigned in 1863, to be succeeded by Dr. Francis Gurney Smith. After the resignation of Dr. Smith, in 1877, the chair remained vacant until 1878, when Dr. Harrison Allen was elected to it. In 1885 Prof. Allen resigned, but the present incumbent, Dr. Edward T. Reichert, was not elected until 1886. He, however, delivered the course for 1885-'86 before his election to the chair.

In 1873 the faculty of medicine was enlarged by the election of the chairs of clinical medicine, clinical surgery, gynæcology and pathology, and morbid anatomy. The chair of clinical medicine was filled until 1884 by Dr. William Pepper, and from 1884 to 1889 by Dr. William Osler, who was succeeded the same year by Dr. James Tyson. The first professor of clinical surgery was Dr. John Ashhurst, Jr., who was succeeded in 1889 by Dr. J. William White. The chair of pathology

and morbid anatomy was filled from its foundation until 1889 by Dr. James Tyson, who was succeeded the same year by Dr. John Guiteras. Dr. William Goodell, the first professor of gynecology, is still in active service.

The first lectures of Dr. Shippen on anatomy appear to have been given in the rear of his father's residence, on Fourth street, above Market, in apartments which he had himself evidently fitted up for the purpose, whilst the other medical lectures in the College of Philadelphia were delivered in the old Academy building, on Fourth, near Arch. The first building especially arranged for the use of the medical professors of the College of Philadelphia was situated on Fifth street, below Library, and was known as the Surgeons' Hall, or as Anatomical Hall. It is probable that the University of the State of Pennsylvania occupied this hall after the first suspension of the College of Philadelphia, but at the resumption of active life by the College in 1789, the University moved into the building of the Philosophical Society, on Fifth, below Chestnut. The University of Pennsylvania, after the consolidation of the two original institutions, appears to have made use of the Anatomical Hall until 1800, when the trustees became possessed, by purchase, of the edifice that had been built by the State of Pennsylvania for the accommodation of the President of the United States, at Ninth and Chestnut streets. In 1807 new apartments, in an addition to the original building, were provided for the medical faculty. These apartments were enlarged in 1817, and in 1829 were superseded by the Medical Hall, in which the medical teaching of the institution was given until July, 1873, after which time a building in Ninth street, below Walnut, was occupied until the completion in September, 1874, of the present medical buildings in West Philadelphia.

THE PRESENT.

BUILDINGS AND APPLIANCES.

The instruction of the Medical Department of the University of Pennsylvania is conducted in the Medical Hall, Laboratory Building, the Hospital of the University, the Laboratory of Hygiene, and the Wistar Institute of Biology and Anatomy. The Medical Hall contains three lecture rooms, the Wistar and Horner Museum, the Histological, Osteo-Syndesmological, Physiological, Pathological, and Pharmaceutical laboratories; besides an assembly room for the students and private rooms for the professors. The laboratory building has its lower floor occupied by the Clinic of Dentistry, and its upper three floors by the two Chemical Laboratories, and the Dissecting Room. All of the lecture rooms and laborator are heated by steam, and are thoroughly ventilated by currents of air forced into the rooms in such a way as to avoid drafts. They are also brilliantly lighted by electricity.

In all of the laboratories, whether contained in the Medical Hall or