terary Anecdotes, vol. I. where are many additional particulars relativeto the worthy Bishop and his family; and also relating to the removal of his remains on the re-building of St. James's Church; on which subject see also your volume LVIII. p. 853; and for an account of the Bishop's descendants, vol. LIX. pp. 1029, 1202. BIOGRAPHICUS. LATENT ANTIQUITIES, No V. (Continued from p. 17.) Lambecius iu Mabillon (Annal. Bened. I. 54. p. 102), the Franks called their Temples, Houses; they used to say "Domus S. Petri." The Fathers of the three first centuries prove that the Christians avoided the appellation of "Temple;" by which term a Church is first called in Ambrose Epist. xx. n. 2. They used also to call Sunday Dominica, or Dies Dominica; a term also given to the linen with which women covered their hands to receive the holy Eucharist. According to Caucellieri, as the word Dominus conveys the idea of a Lord, of some one of station; the French at one time made of it "Damp, Dans, Dant, Dam," and in fact, in a diploma repute, and the of Vaudregile, following abstract of the "Lettera di Francesco Cancellieri," upon the origin of the word "Dominus and Domnus," printed at Rome in 1808, (the work of a man whose enormous literary labours are almost inconceivable) is not beneath the erudition of Selden, and exempt from the tiresome confusion of his "chaotic mass." The Author commences his subject from Holy Writ, by which he proves that the denomination "Dominus" was only given at first to "God;" and observes, that in the History of the Creation, and its objects, the Creator is only called "God;" but after the creation of man, “Dominus Deus," the Lord God (Gen. iii. 7), apon which, Isidore, (Lib. ii. Differ. ch. xii.) in the true scholastic style, makes this remark: "The Lord God therefore formed man of the earth; here he is first called Lord God, because then he first had, properly speaking, a servant, namely, à labouring one." Cancellieri then runs over all the objects consecrated to God, or his worship, of which the denominations are derived from Dominus; he says, that the Cathedrals, among the Flemings and Germans are called Dom, among the Italians il Duomo, which is equivalent to the Domus Domini, or Lord's House, of Scripture, to express a place devoted to divine worship and prayer. The primitive Christians, to designate the same places, used the same terms, "The Lord's House” and “House of Prayer." The places where they assisted at the divine mysteries were lled Dominica." According to read "Damp Beran de Lepinelle, Secretaire," Damp Jean de Val Garnier, and in the Roman de Garnis, Dant Girard desconfit, &c. The English translated Dominus by Lord, which in their language signified to command. The Heathens have also employed Dominus and Domina, instead of Deus and Dea. Domino solvite vota Jovi. Ov. Fast. i. 642. Invisa est Domina sola capella Deæ. Id. Heroid. Ep, iv. v. 12. See too the Iuscriptions Fanum Dominarum in Gruter, p. 94, No. 2. Domine Isidi victrici. Id. p. 506. n. 2. The heads of families were antiently called Domini, not only by their domesticks, but even by their wives, and children. Abraham called his wife Sara, which signifies Domina; and she reciprocally styled Abraham 64 my Master," (Gen. xviii. 12.) Virgil uses "Dominum Eneam," En. f. iv. v. 214. In Gruter is "Domino Marito S. S. Domino Conjugi." The laws have many examples of this re spectful expression between husband and wife, as well in the Digest as elsewhere. In the 51st Law" de Leg. et fideicom." we read" Peto a te, Domina Uxor," &c. and in the 19th Law Titia de Annuis, Leg. § 7 Domina Sanctissima scio te, &c. The term was also used not only by hus band and wife, but by lovers, fathers towards children and nephews, and brothers towards each other.-When the Heathens saluted any person whose name they did not recollect, they called him Dominus, as Martial proves, I. i. ep. 13: "Quum ægre tenetur, "Magno emitur Domini cognomen, et [minus." Ast ego, quod Dominus, nemini ero DoThe poor of modern Rome have preserved the tradition of this usage; for to obtain larger alms from foreigners, who come to see the Churches, &c. they salute them with "Your Excellence," and "Illustrissime Seigneur." Cancellieri then proves that the term Dominus is also applied in Scripture to Christ, the Angels, and Apostles, for which he quotes John xx. 2. ii. 21. Judg. vi. 13. In the antient catalogues of the Popes, we read "Dominus Petrus Apostolus," &c. The Martyrs and Confessors were equally styled "Domini” and “DomBI.' In an inscription recently discovered under the pavement of the Church of St. Paul, at Rome, we have" DOMNES SOTIRIDES, i. e. Dominee Sotere, and in Fabretti, "In cemeterio Domni Castuli." According to Mabillon, these titles were particularly devoted to Saints under the Merovingian and Carlovingian Kings. In the Acts of S, Bathilda the Queen, we have "Domni Dionysii, and Domuni Germani, and Domni Marcelli; in a Diploma of Charles the Bald," Domine Columba Virg. et Mart.-The Italians formerly called the Saints Messer santo, Madonna santa." The Arabians gave them the name of Mar, which signifies Do minus," and thus begin the Gospel, Evangelium Jesu Christi, sicut scripsit Mar Matthaus." The Syrians and Chaldeans put the word Mur before the names of the Apostles and Evangelists, Mar Marcus, Dominus Marcus, &c. Two bas-reliefs in the French Museum, No. 20, prove that in the 13th century, they gave in France the titles of Monsieur and Madame to Saints and Saintesses: in one we read Madame Ste. Katherine; in another Monsieur S. Louis. ་་ Passing over the appellations of Domina and our Lady to the Virgin Mary, certain individuals accounted it an honour to add to their names, that of the Virgin, or a Saint, as John de Domna, Maria Theobaldus de Domno Petro; a usage perpetuated in Abbeys, where the religious, in making their profession, added to their names that of a Saint of their order. The city of Rome was called Urbs Domina. The word Domnus was particularly ascribed to the Sovereign Pontiff in the most antient Litanies, under the term "Domnum Apostolicum." Mabillon says, that the Pope was called Dominus or Domnus." Nicholas Alemanni, in the explanation of the Inscription of the Triclinium Lateranense, scSSIMUS. D. N. LEO PAPA. pretends, that the title of "Dominus Noster" was not given to any Pope before Leo III. but when the antient domain of the Popes was confirmed to them, they were afterwards called "Domini nostri." lu a Mosaic of the Church of St. Mark at Rome, below the figure of Gregory IV. is SCSSIMUS D. Ŋ. GREGORIUS P.P. Besides the Popes, the Bishops were also called Domini noştri, as appears from various epistles of Popes Damasus and Liberius. Bishops also used it to each other, which St. Jerom condemns in his second letter to Nepotian, where he says, I say this also, that Bishops should know, that they are Priests, not Lords," (non Dominos.) It was also in use among Cardinals. Cardinal Peter Damian addresses his letter to Hildebrand "Domino Hildebrando," and calls him" Dilectissimefruter et Domine." Cardinal Garampi proves the particular attribution of Domini, or Domnt, to Cardinals in petitions, in his illus tration of the seal of Garfagnana. Canons have been likewise called Domini. This title was not only given to Saints and Ecclesiasticks, but further to Consuls, as appears by the inscriptions and subscriptions of some antient titles upon Papyrus; among the Roman Emperors, some accepted and others refused it; but, though Suetonius says (c. 53) that Augustus rejected it, Ovid, in flattery, and speaking of Romulus, says of Augustus, Tu Domini nomen, principis ille tenet. The Christians and Hebrews refused this title to the Emperors, be cause, says Tertullian, it is the cognomen of God. But though D. N. and Deus and Dominus noster occur upon coins of Septimius Severus, Caracalla, Geta, Aurelian, Carus, Dioclesian, Maximian, and Constantine, Justinian, like Augustus and Tiberius, refused this title, which his successors adopt ed. The title became distinctive of Sovereigns. Pope Benedict III. gave it to the Emperor Lotharius, “Dominum nostrum piissimum Hiotarium;" and Landolfo Sagace attests, that the Kings of France were called "Domini." Genti Francorum moris est Dominum, i. e. Regem, secundum genus principari; an appellation which, in the French language, has many synonyms, Sire, Messire, Sieur, Monsieur, Seigneur, Monseigneur, &c. Gregory Leti, in his Ceremonial Historique, tom. IV. p. 529, says, that the Kings of England did not take the title of Sire, before limited to the Kings of France, until after the coronation of the English Heary VI. nor the Kings of Spain before Philip II. was King of England. As to the title of Monseigneur, it was confined to the Dauphins, as Monsieur was to the King's eldest brother. After the title of Dominus was given to Sovereigns, Cancellieri quotes some example of their being simply stiled Domnus, as Domnus Hugo Rex, &c. He afterwards puts a question, whether the word Domna is a title, or a proper name. In proof of the latter, he says that it was the proper name of Julia Domna, wife of Severus; and that it was a very common name in Syria, as appears from the holy women of that name in the Lives of the Saints. He says besides, that Constantine was the first Emperor who took continually the prænomen of Dominus, as his mother Helena was the first who took the honorary title of "Domina." This he proves by the inscription, which the Neapohitans erected to her," Piissimæ et elementissimæ Domine nostræ Augusta Helene Matri semper Aug. Constantini." But he observes, that no Empress was more vain of it than Theodora, wife of Justinian, who, according to Procopius, said "that she did not wish to live a single day, when she was not styled Domina by those who saluted her. The title was equally ascribed to the sisters of Emperors, noble matrons, women of considerari and, in the middle age to wives of ats, Barons, and other Officers. (See Ducange and Charpentier.) Bollandi (Jan. 8) mentions S. Dominica, called S. Cyriuca. At Rome, the Church of the Navicella still retains the name of S. Mary in Domnica, or Dominica. From Domna, besides Dominica, is derived the diminutive Domnula, quoted in the letters of Salvian, and the Analeeta of Ma. billon. In the Lives of the Saints is that of S. Domnolus. In the Gallia Chris tiana, mention is made of the translation of the relicks of S. Domnolinus. In the bollandists are the Lives of Saints Domnion or Domnionus, S, Domneonus, The Author of the verses in honour of Gregory VIII. is called Domnizon. In Tuscany is a town called S. Domnino, the name of a Subdeacon, a native of it; and in the Acts of the Martyrs by Ruinart, is that of S. Domnina. Senators and Magistrates of various towns were likewise called Domini. Cardinal Garampi has given an authentic register of the Thirteenth Century, from the Chancery of Perouge, where there is a diploma of the year 1242, which puts the title of Dominus before the proper name of Coun sellors. In the antient Statutes of Rome, compiled in 1246, are the names of twelve Senators, preceded by the title of Dominus. In the account of the finding and translation of the heads of S. S. Peter and Paul, under Urban V. the Senator of Rome is called" Maguificus Vir Do minus;" sometimes instead of Dominus we read Depnus, an effect of the variety of pronunciation. Dopno Leone IV. occurs, and in a charter of 1326, is Bernardus de senareto Domp nus alti Braci; whence it appears that the title of Don is derived from Dompnus. The Biscayans and Cantabriaus gave this title to the Saints whom they invoked, like other Nations, as we have already seen. They used to say Andra Done Maria, Jeanu Done Miguel, Jeann Done Peri, that is to say, Lady Saint Mary, Lord St. Michael, Lord Saint Peter: the word Done being equivalent among them to that of Saint. Among the Kings of Spain, the first found with the appellation of Don is Roderick, the 33d King. The Asturians gave it to their Kings Pelagius and Theodimer, at the cou mencement of the Eighth Centgry and track Charge and it was under John the Third, nties King of Castille and Leon, who ascendRed the throne in 1406, that the cusstom was introduced of giving the title of Don to the eldest sons of De Dukes, Marquisses, and Counts, proheds vided they were rico hombre, i. e. elle rich men, which was then of higher of consideration than being an Hidalgo, i.c. Gentleman. Further, the Cantathat brians or Biscayans, believing at the beginning of the Fifteenth Century, that the title of Don did not suit Seculars, confined it to Bishops, Priests, and Religious, a custom which still exists in the Dioceses of Pampeluna of and Bayonne, where they give it even to simple clerks, as well as to the nuns, whom they call Donne or Duenas. The common people, notwithstanding, did not like to renounce this qualification; and the title, degenerating by degrees, passed to the ar dregs of the people, and even to the Jews, who before their expulsion, assumed it, in spite of the Bull Quo(minus of Paul IV. dated from the year 1555, which forbids them to suffer the term Dominos to be applied to them by poor Christians. At that time the great were contented with the single title of Sennoria. It cannot be doubted but the arrival of the Spaniards in Italy, at first under King Ferdinand, afterwards under Charles V. rendered the title of Don common in the Kingdom of Naples and Sicily, not only in reference to Ecclesiasticks, but also to Lay-men, and even persons in a state of servitude. Cancellieri next treats of the word Sire among the French, Ser in Italy, Sar-rab among the Hebrews, and Dominus, Dominatio, given to the Doge of Venice. He explains the Senioraticum, and the Messer and Ser of the Italians; and treats of the words Voseigneurie, Vous, Majestè, Serenitè, and Excellence. He gives the reasons why Abbots were called Domni among the Monks. The Rule of Benedict (chap. 3) in speaking of Abbots, says, "Let the Abbot, who is presumed to fill the office of Christ, be called Dominus and Abbas. In the life of S. Mayeul by Odilon, we read, the Domnus and Abbas is honoured by all. Pere Martene, in his Commentary upon the Rule of Benedict says, "It is suspected that the title Domnus might come from Nonnus. When the Synod of Aix decreed that Præpositi, i. e. Priors, should be called Nonni, every one will perhaps suspect that Priors, despising the word Nonni, assumed that of Domini, which belonged to the Abbot only, for the sake of honour, or ambition, or some other cause." This word Nonni has probably given place to the Nonno and Nonna, which in Italy, grandsons and grand-daughters give to their grandfathers and grandmothers: and from Donna is derived the Na, which the people of Languedoc prefix to the names des Demoiselles nobles ou roturieres, as, Na viceza, Na castellozzo. They used sometimes to say Ma for Na, whence they have made Madame even for the wives of the people. In fact, Charpentier produces a writing of the date of 1377, where it is said, "The said Philippot came to his said Mother, weeping and crying, Madame, Madame, for God's sake, my brother wishes to kill me," &c. Cancellieri examines in the last place the right of Priests and Monks to the title of Don, in which he confutes Muratori, who disputes it. (tom. 2. Antiq. Ital. Diss. 23, col. 345.) He further shows, that this title is better suited to the Clergy than Abbè, or Abbate, the mere result of an abuse. Many elaborate and interesting authorities are necessarily omitted in this sketch, which conveys but a faint idea of the literary wealth of this indefatigable Italian. *** In Vol. LXXXV. Part I. p. 25, we inserted an ingenious fiction,professing to be a Journey of Discovery across the Blue Mountains. We have now the pleasure of communicating the Official Account of the Tour of the Governor of New South Wales over the Western or Blue Mountains, extracted from "The Sydney Gazette; or New South Wales Adventurer." The description of that hitherto but partially explored Country will be read with considerable interest, not only as an object of curiosity, but from a consideration of the important advantages which this rising Colony may hereafter derive from the discoveries now made.-EDIT. GOVERNMENT AND GENERAL Orders. "The Governor desires to communi cate, for the information of the Publick, the result of his late ver the Western, or Blue Mot.. ans, undertaken for for the purpose of being enabled personally to appreciate the importance of the tract of country lying Westward of them, which had been explored in the latter end of the year 1813, and the beginning of 1814, by Mr. G. W. Evans, Deputy Surveyor of Lands. To those who know how very limited a tract of country has been hitherto occupied by the Colonists of New South Wales, extending along the Eastern Coast to the North and South of Port Jackson only 80 miles, and Westward about 40 miles to the foot of that chain of mountains in the interior which forms its Western boundary, it must be a subject of astonishment and regret, that, amongst so large a population, no one appeared within the first 25 years of the establishment of this Settlement, possessed of sufficient energy of mind to in duce him fully to explore a passage over these mountains: but, when it is considered that, for the greater part of that time, even this circumscribed portion of country afforded sufficient produce for the wants of the people, whilst, on the other hand, the whole surface of the country beyond those limits was a thick, and in many places, nearly an impenetrable forest, the surprise at the want of effort to surmount such difficulties must abate very considerably. "The records of the Colony only afford two instances of any bold attempt having been made to discover the country to the Westward of the Blue Mountains. The first was by Mr. Bass, and the other by Mr. Caley, and both ended in disappointinenta circumstance which will not be much wondered at by those who have lately crossed those mountains. "To G. Blaxland and W. Wentworth, esqrs. and Lieut, Lawson, of the Royal VeteranCompany, the merit is due of having, with extraordinary patience and much fatigue, effected the first passage over the most rugged and difficult part of the Blue Mountains. "The Governor, being strongly impressed with the importance of the object, had, early after his arrival in this Colony, formed the resolution of encouraging the attempt to find a passage to the Western Country, and willingly availed himself of the facilities which the discoveries of these three Gentlemen afforded him. Accordingly, on the 20th of November, 1813, he entrusted the accomplishment of this object to Mr. G. W. Evans, Deputy Surveyor of Lands; the result of whose journey was laid before the publick, through the medium of the Sydney Gazette, on the 12th of February, 1814. "The favourable account given by Mr. Evans of the country he had ex plored, induced the Governor to cause a road to be constructed for the passage and conveyance of cattle and provisions to the interior; and men of good character, from amongst a number of convicts who had volunteered their ser vices, were selected to perform this arduous work, on condition of being fed and cloathed during the continuance of their labour, and being granted emancipation, as their final reward, on the completion of the work. "The direction and superintendance of this great work was entrusted to W. Cox, esq. the Chief Magistrate at Windsor; and, to the astonishment of every one who knows what was to be encountered, and sees what has been done, he effected its completion in six months from the time of its commencement, happily without the loss of a man, or any serious accident. The Governor is at a loss to appreciate fully the services rendered by Mr. Cox to this Colony, in the execution of this arduous work, which promises to be of the greatest public utility, by opening a new source of wealth to the industrious and enterprising. When it is considered that Mr. Cox voluntarily relinquished the comforts of his own house, and the society of his numerous family, and exposed himself to much personal fatigue, with only such temporary covering as a bark hut could afford from the inclemency of the season, it is difficult to express the sentiments of approbation to which such privations and sérvices are entitled. "Mr. Cox having reported the road as completed on the 21st of January, the Governor, accompanied by Mrs. Macquarie and that Gentleman, commenced his tour on the 25th of April, over the Blue Mountains, and was joined by Sir J. Jamieson at the Nepean, who accompanied him during the entire tour. The following Gentlemen composed the Governor's suite: Mr. Campbell, Secre-, tary; Capt. Antill, Major of Brigade; Lieut. Watts, Aide-de-camp; Mr. Redfern, Assistant Surgeon; Mr. Oxley, Surveyor General; Mr. Meehan, Depu ty Surveyor General; Mr. Lewin, Paint, er and Naturalist; and Mr. G. W. Evans, Deputy Surveyor of Lands, who had been sent forward for the purpose of making further discoveries, and rejoined the party on the day of arrival at Ba thurst Plains. "The commencement of the ascent from Emu Plains to the first depot, aud thence to a resting-place, now called Spring Wood,' distant twelve miles from Emu Ford, was through a very handsome open forest of lofty trees, and much more practicable and easy than was |