as volunteers for three years. It will be seen that the organisation of the navy closely resembles that of the army.

The officers and men of the navy are attached to one or other of two grand divisions called 'stations '—the Baltic and the North Sea. Each station has one division of seamen and one of artificers, and to that of the Baltic the marines are attached. The seafaring population of Germany has been estimated at 80,000, of whom 48,000 are serving in the merchant service at home, and 6,000 are in foreign vessels. It seems that Germany, in spite of the large field for recruiting thus offered, has not escaped those difficulties in finding men for her navy which have proved so perplexing to older naval powers. The seamen frequently join foreign merchantmen before they are liable to serve in the navy: the consequence is that, as a rule, one-third of those called out fail to answer the summons. Many return, but others do not, and their services are lost to the country both in the imperial and the mercantile marine. Of those actually serving but few desert, the proportion during the last three years being but per cent. This has been compared with those from the English navy, said to be 6 per cent. But it is fair to our own seamen to add that in this percentage are included many men who are only technically deserters, that is men who over-stay their leave of absence more than a regulated number of hours, but who have no intention of staying away altogether.

The want of seamen is also felt in the merchant service. The German Navy List' for 1874 contains a statement of this want, both on the Baltic and North Sea coasts. The want is so great,' it says, that merchant ships ready to put to sea remain lashed alongside the wharves for whole weeks for want of hands to work them.' The chambers of commerce at the various ports have expressed great anxiety on the subject. The writer does not deny that the scarcity is also felt in other occupations. But in that in question it is a very serious matter, as a man requires an apprenticeship of several years to make him a passable seaman. The causes of this state of things are given with an openness not common in such official publications as the one quoted from. "In the ex-kingdom of Hanover and the Grand Duchy of Oldenburg seamen were formerly exempt from all naval duties, which could not be tolerated after their annexation to Prussia, where compulsory service has long been customary.' The scarcity of seamen is attributed to two causes-the frequency of desertions (from the men liable to be taken as conscripts), and the indifference, more and more marked, of the inhabitants

6

of the coast-districts to the calling of seamen. A remedy often advocated in this country, the establishment of training-ships at the commercial ports, has been suggested and favourably received. General von Stosch said in the German Parliament, I am authorised to state, that if the maritime provinces of the empire who are most directly interested in the question 'will furnish the funds requisite for the maintenance of these 'schools, the Government is ready to supply and fit out suit6 able vessels.'

The officers of the navy are divided into three classes: those of the Active Service, the Reserve, and the Seewehr. The training is most elaborate, and the number of examinations which the young cadet or midshipman has to pass would seem appalling to the youngsters who are educated in the Britannia.' The age of the German cadet, however, is considerably higher than that of the British. If provided with a grammar-school certificate entitling him to go to college he may be as old as nineteen; if he can only produce a lower certificate his age must not exceed seventeen. All undergo a searching physical examination. The cadet joins the school in April of each year, and is sent for a cruise in the Atlantic or Mediterranean, returning in September. Only such as show on this trial trip that they possess the necessary qualifications for a sea-faring life are finally admitted to the school. Technical study and school-work last till the next April, when the cadet is sent for a two years' trip to distant seas. After two years at sea he presents himself for another examination. This passed he has to be balloted for by the officers of the station' to which he is to be attached. On their vote depends his final admission to the service as an officer. Other examinations follow before the young aspirant attains the full rank of naval lieutenant.

Officers of the Reserve are taken from officers who leave the active service, from cadets only able to obtain a Reserve-officer's certificate at the examination for the rank of lieutenant, and from those one-year volunteers who have received the same certificate. They must be in receipt of a respectable income, for they get no pay, and hold a good position in society. No ' clerk or tradesman could be a Reserve-officer, whatever his income.' The senior Reserve-officers supply those for the Seewehr. One-year volunteers who have been Reserve-officers for four years also pass into the Seewehr as officers for five years more. They are not called upon to perform any duties in time of peace.

Engineers are taken from the merchant-service, or from young men who intend to make the navy their profession.

They have to pass a stiff examination and are said to form a superior body of men. They are styled engineer's-mates for three-and-a-half years after passing, when they may be admitted to the engineer school for a course of instruction. On passing an examination the rank of engineer is attained, and after another examination that of first engineer. As engineer and first engineer he is a petty officer; as machine engineer 'he may become a commissioned officer.' But his final admission depends upon the vote of his future brother-officers.

The pay of the German naval officers is considerable as compared with that of our own; especially so if due regard is had to the difference in remuneration of members of other professions in the respective countries. On paper the salaries of the higher officers appears smaller than in England; but in a service like the German there is, practically, no half-pay, on which the greater part of an admiral's and captain's time in the British navy is passed. In Germany, officers on shore also are allowed lodging money, and those afloat divide amongst themselves a very large sum voted as sea-allowances' and 'messing-allowances.' In the British navy no officer under the rank of admiral receives any allowance whatever beyond his pay.

Our survey of the German navy is now completed, and we may be permitted to express the hope that we have enabled. our readers to form a fairly correct estimate of the growth of this new naval power. To a maritime nation a record of what has been done to create a navy elsewhere ought to have a paramount interest. Whilst to a nation with a keen eye on the conduct of public affairs it may serve as a useful reminder that there is still truth in the Lucretian maxim :

'Augescunt aliæ gentes, aliæ minuuntur.'

Holland and Spain, the great maritime Powers of the 17th century, have almost disappeared from the seas, as combatants. Italy and Germany have launched great ironclad fleets; whilst Russia is struggling to make her way to the high seas. France and England retain their ancient position; that position has been modified by the growth of the Secondary navies of the world; but the greater is the necessity to maintain and secure the ascendency of the naval power of Great Britain.

ART. II.-Benjamin Robert Haydon: Correspondence and Table-Talk. With a Memoir by his Son FREDERIC WORDSWORTH HAYDON. 2 vols. 8vo. London: 1876.

*

NON bis in idem is a good plea in the High Court of Judicature, and it is equally valid in the High Court of Criticism. About three and twenty years ago Mr. Tom Taylor gave to the world an excellent and judicious Life of Benjamin Haydon, in which he said, with great feeling and a proper degree of reticence, all that could or need be said of that most unfortunate of artists and of men. The biography was reviewed at the time in these pages by one who combined with a feminine delicacy of appreciation for the artist a vigour of style and power of criticism which has not often been surpassed in writing on the fine arts. At this distance of time we may so far depart from our almost invariable practice as to name the authoress of that paper-our accomplished and lamented friend the late Mrs. Jameson. Should the present publication revive, as it can hardly fail to do, the interest of a younger generation in the tragic tale of Haydon's sufferings, illusions, and death, they may be found related with consummate delicacy and judgment in the article to which we now refer, and those who care to look back through so long a series of our volumes will not, we think, be unrewarded. For ourselves, as far as the incidents of Haydon's life are concerned, we have nothing more to say. Our opinion of him is unchanged, and we do not presume to think that it could be more ably and gracefully expressed. We could have wished that the story had been left, as it was told three and twenty years ago.

But the editor of these volumes, one of the sons of the painter-a gentleman who has served with gallantry in the British navy-does not take this view. He appears to think that not enough was said of this deplorable tragedy of real life. He has chosen to rewrite a Memoir of his father, without the reticence Mr. Tom Taylor displayed. He has reopened the old quarrels and the old wounds. He has repeated the preposterous pretensions of his father to be considered as the founder of High Art in this country, which are now even more manifestly extravagant than they were forty years ago; and he has republished a number of bitter attacks on persons now no more, which were dictated to poor Haydon by disappointment, indigence, and mortified ambition.

Ed. Rev., vol. xcviii. p. 318 (October 1853).

VOL. CXLIV. NO. CCXCV.

D

Mr. F. Wordsworth Haydon, who owes his name, we believe, to the circumstance that the poet Wordsworth addressed a very noble sonnet to his father at about the time of his birth, informs us that he is not a painter or even a literary man, but a sailor; and he attributes this publication to a meritorious desire to vindicate his father's fame. As to his literary qualifications, this gentleman hardly does himself justice, for they are by no means contemptible. The notes with which he has enriched these volumes display a creditable amount of reading, a minute though not always accurate knowledge of history, and a spirited style. He has evidently inherited something of the genius of his father-we hope he has been more fortunate in turning the gift to account; but we are compelled to say that this book shows in many places that he has also inherited some of his irritability, his resentments, and his want of judgment. We are not disposed to pass a heavy sentence on a son who seeks to do honour to his father's memory, and who evidently hopes that this publication will cause the aspirations and the real services of Haydon to Art to be better understood. Nor shall we dwell upon the passages which have grated on our ears, and which will be disagreeably felt in many places, because that would only be to give them greater publicity and to aggravate the sting they may possibly inflict. Our opinion simply is that all poor Haydon's quarrels and bickerings had better be buried and forgotten. His greatest enemy through life was himself, and it is cruel to raise his ghost after he has been dead thirty years to play the part of self-accuser. We propose therefore, on the present occasion, to confine ourselves to the more agreeable topic of Haydon's correspondence and conversation with his literary friends.

Just as our attention had been directed to this subject, we received another biographical work-published by another unwise son of a wrong-headed father-which, in spite of the essential difference of the manner of life of the two men to whom these books relate, presents a curious similarity in their characters. We refer to the Life of Dr. Robert Gray, the late Bishop of Cape Town, recently compiled by his son Mr. Charles Gray. Dr. Gray, like Mr. Haydon, conceived himself to have a sort of divine commission which placed him above the laws of his profession and the rules of social life. What High Art was to the one, High Church was to the other. Haydon spent his life in combating the Royal Academy, chiefly because it was a constituted body exercising a certain amount of control and influence over the profession of an artist. Dr. Gray denounced in no measured terms the laws which govern