THE ANTELOPE, FROM THE EXQUISITE BEAUTY AND VIVACITY OF ITS EYES, IS A FAVOURITE IMAGE IN ORIENTAL POETRY.

38

THE ANTHER OF A FLOWER IS BY SOME BOTANISTS CALLED THE APEX.

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AN'TEDATE, a spurious, or false date, prior to the true date of a bond, bill, &c.

ANTEDILU'VIAN, whatever existed before the deluge; thus, the inhabitants of the earth from Adam to Noah are called the

THE ANTIPODES OF ENGLAND LIE TO THE SOUTH-WEST OF NEW ZEALAND.

SOME ASSERT THAT ANTHROPOLITES HAVE BEEN FOUND IN OLD MINES, BUT THE EXISTENCE OF SUCH PETRIFACTIONS IS NOT CREDITED.

PYROLIGNEOUS ACID, OR CONDENSED STEAM OF GREEN WOOD BAKED, IS THE MOST POWERFUL ANTISEPTIC IN THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM.

THE ANTISEPTIC PROPERTIES OF CHARCOAL RENDER IT A GOOD DENTIFRICE.

ANT]

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cally opposite to each other, as it were feet to feet. They have equal latitudes, the one north, and the other south; but opposite longitudes: consequently when it is day to the one, it is night to the other, and when summer to the one, winter to the other.

ANTIPHO'NA, or ANTIPHONY, in music, the answer made by one choir to another, when the psalm or anthem is sung verse for verse alternately.

ANTIPHRASIS, in rhetoric, a figure of speech, or kind of irony, whereby we say a thing by denying what we ought rather to affirm it to be; as when we say, "he is no fool," we mean "he is a man of sense."

ANTIQUARY, a person who studies and searches after monuments and remains of antiquity. There were formerly in the chief cities of Greece and Italy, persons of high distinction called antiquaries, who made it their business to explain the ancient inscriptions, and give every other assistance in their power to strangers who were lovers of that kind of learning.The monks who were employed in making new copies of old books were formerly called antiquarii.

ANTIQUITIES, all such documents of ancient history as industrious and learned men have collected; genealogies, inscriptions, monuments, coins, names, etymologies, archives, mechanical instruments, fragments of history, &c. Antiquities form a very extensive science, including an historical knowledge of the ancient edifices, magistrates, habiliments, manners, customs, ceremonies, religious worship, and other objects worthy of curiosity, of all the principal nations of the earth. In England, we have British, Roman, Saxon, and Norman antiquities, many of which are highly interesting, and serve to throw a light on the manners and customs of the people.

ANTISABBATA'RIANS, a modern religious sect, who deny the necessity of observing the Sabbath, chiefly because it was a Jewish institution.

ANTIS'CII, or ANTIS'CIANS, in geography, the people who live on different sides of the equator, and have their shadows at noon fall directly opposite ways. ANTISCII is also used among astrologers, for two points of the heavens equally distant from the tropics.

ANTISEPTICS, in chemistry, remedies against putrefaction. Of all the antiseptics which have been discovered, none has been found so effectual as chloride of lime in arresting the progress of putrefaction, for when placed in contact with the affected parts, it destroys the offensive odour which they exhale, and prevents the extension of the corruption.

ANTISPASMOD'ICS, medicines proper for the cure of spasms and convulsions. Opium, balsam of Peru, and the essential oils of many vegetables, are the most useful. ANTIS TROPHE, the alternate verse in ancient poetry, which was divided into the strophe and antistrophe. In reciting their odes the chorus turned from the left to the right at the antistrophe, and vice versa. ANTISYPHILITIC, a term applied to

LAPE

remedies used in cases of syphilis, the most efficacious of which are said to be preparations of mercury.

ANTITHESIS, in rhetoric, a figure of speech, by which two things are attempted to be made more striking, by being set in opposition to each other. "Antitheses, well managed," says Bohours, " nite pleasure in the perusal of works of gegive infinius; they have nearly the same effect in language as lights and shadows in painting, which a good artist distributes with propriety: or the flats and sharps in music, which are mingled by a skilful master." The beautiful antithesis of Cicero, in his second Catilinarian, may serve as an example: "On the one side stands modesty, on the other impudence; on the one fidelity, on the other deceit; here piety, there sacrilege; here continency, there lust," &c. ANTITRINITA'RIANS, all those who deny the doctrine of the Trinity. ANTITYPE, among ecclesiastical writers, denotes a type corresponding to some other type or figure. In the Greek church it is also an appellation given to the symbols of bread and wine in the sacrament.

ANTE CI, in geography, those inhabitants of the earth who live under the same meridian, but on different sides of the equator, and at equal distances from it.

ANTONOMA'SIA, a mode of speaking in which a person is addressed or described by some appropriate or official designation, but not by his surname; as, in the House of Lords, "the noble lord;" in the House of Commons, "the honourable gentleman." A'NUS, in anatomy, the extremity of the intestinum rectum, or orifice of the fundament. Also a small cavity in the third ventricle of the brain.-ANUS, in botany, signifies the posterior opening of a monopetalous flower.

AORIS TIA, in the sceptic philosophy, denotes that state of the mind wherein we neither assert nor deny anything positively, but only speak of things as seeming or appearing to us in such a manner.

AORTA, or MAG'NA ARTE'RIA, the great artery proceeding from the left ventricle of the heart, from which all the other arteries proceed mediately or immediately. It is distinguished into the descending or ascending, according to the manner in which it runs.

AP'ATHY, a term expressive of an utter privation of passion, and an insensibility of pain. Thus, the stoics affected an entire apathy, so as not to be ruffled, or sensible of pleasure or pain.

APAU'LIA, in antiquity, the second day of the marriage festival, when the bride's departure from her father's house was celebrated. On this day the bridegroom presented the bride with a garment called Apauleteria.

APAU'ME, in heraldry, a hand opened, and the full palm appearing, with the thumb and fingers extended, as may be seen in the arms of a baronet.

APE, a name for different species of the monkey tribe, which are without tails or

THE PASCHAL LAMB IS THE TYPE, OF WHICH CHRIST IS THE ANTITYPE.

THOSE WHO LIVE NORTH OF THE EQUATOR ARE ANTISCIANS TO THOSE WHO LIVE SOUTH, AND VICE VERSA.

39

APES HAVE FOUR CUTTING TEETH IN EACH JAW, AND TWO CANINE TEETH, WITH OBTUSE GRINDERS.

40

APH]

AN APE IS THE APPELLATION OF CONTEMPT FOR A SILLY IMITATOR.

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cheek pouches. Like all the four-handed animals, the apes are destined to live among the branches of trees, and are especially adapted, from their size and strength, to occupy large forests. All of them have the power of assuming a nearly erect position. They generally live in troops, and some of the species are said to construct a sort of hut of leaves, as a defence against the weather. They defend themselves with clubs, and employ these weapons with considerable effect, even against man. Some of them, called gibbons, have arms of prodigious length. On the loftiest branches of the gigantic eastern forest trees, troops of these animals are seen sitting in perfect security, or springing from tree to tree, and swinging themselves to great distances by their long arms. There are various species, but the most terrible is the orang-outang of Africa. Lascivious, filthy, gluttonous, and ferocious, they offer to man an instructive lesson on the inestimable worth of that divine faculty with which his Creator beneficently endowed him; and which, while it controls the impulses of his organization, convinces him that he is made for a nobler end than the "brutes which perish."

APEAK'.-A ship is said to be apeak, when the cable is drawn so tight as to bring her directly over the anchor.

APE'NE, in antiquity, the chariot in which the images of the gods were carried on solemn occasions.

APEP'SIA, in medicine, a bad digestion; the more usual term for which is dyspepsia. APE'RIENTS, in the materia medica, an appellation given to such medicines as facilitate the circulation of the juices, by removing all obstructions.

APERTURE, in optics, a hole next to the object-glass of a telescope. In architecture, an opening in any building, as a window, door, &c.In geometry, the opening or angle formed by the meeting of two right lines.

APETALOUS, in botany, a term for plants whose flowers have no flower leaves or corolla; as the hippuris, or fox-tail grass. A'PEX, in its general sense, is the top, summit, or highest degree of anything.In antiquity, a little woollen tuft on the cap of the flamen, or high priest. -In mathematics, the angular point of a cone or conic section. APHERE'SIS, in grammar, the taking away a letter or syllable from a word. In surgery, it signifies an operation whereby something is taken away that is superflu

ous.

APHE'LION, in astronomy, that point at which the earth, or any planet, is at the greatest distance from the sun.

APHEL'LAN, in astronomy, the name of a bright star in the constellation Gemini. ATHIS, in entomology, the general name for a very extensive genus of insects of the Linnæan order hemiptera, called also plantlouse, vine-fretter, &c. The aphis has four erect wings, or none at all; its trunk is reflex; and the body is formed into two horns behind. It has been generally believed that

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each species is attached to one kind of vegetable only. They abound with a sweet and grateful moisture, and are, therefore, eagerly devoured by ants, the larva of coccinellæ, and many other creatures, or they would very probably become more destructive to the whole vegetable creation than any other race of insects. The production of this moisture, generally called honeydew, and their equivocal generation, are the circumstances which have attracted the particular attention of modern naturalists, and in which they seem to be distinguished from all other parts of the animal world. Numerous experiments have been tried, and it is now ascertained that the male aphides are produced only in the tenth generation, and are but few in number; that these, soon arriving at their full growth, copulate with the females; that the virtue of this copulation is not exhausted at least until the tenth generation; that all these generations, except the first from the fecundated eggs, are produced viviparous; and all the individuals are females, except those of the last generation, among whom some males make their appearance, to lay the foundations of a fresh series. But the excremental fluid voided by these insects is equally extraordinary. The honey-dew of plants is nothing more than this secretion it neither falls from the atmosphere, nor issues from the plant itself; for wherever honey-dew is observable upon a leaf, aphides will be found on the underside of the leaf or leaves immediately above it, and under no other circumstance whatever. Among them is the aphis rosa, found in great numbers on the leaves, stalks, and buds of roses; and the common green aphis, which is called the fly when it infests hopgardens.

APH'ODOS, in medicine, the recrements of the aliment which pass off by stool. APHO'NIA, in medicine, a deprivation of voice, or palsy of the tongue. APH'ORISM, a maxim or principle of a science; or a sentence which comprehends a great deal in a few words. The aphoristic method has great advantages, as containing much matter in a small compass; sentiments are here almost as numerous as expressions; and doctrines may be counted by phrases.

APHRACTA, in antiquity, open vessels which were used in naval engagements. APHRITE, a mineral substance, so called from its frothy appearance; silvery chalk.

APHTHE, in medicine, the thrush; small, round, and superficial ulcers arising in the mouth. The principal seat of this disease, is the extremity of excretory vessels, salival glands, &c.

APHTHAR DOCITES, or APHTHARDOCE TÆ, a sect of heretics which branched off from the Eutychians in the sixth century. They denied the passion of our Saviour, maintaining that his body was immortal from the moment of his conception.

APH'YLLOUS, in botany, an epithet applied to the stem or leaf of a flower; as aphyllus caulis, a leafless stem; aphyllus flos, a flower having no calyx.

THOSE INSECTS WHICH FEED ON THE APHIS ARE TERMED APHIDIVOROUS.

LADY-BIRDS FEED ON APHIDES, AND NEVER DESTROY VEGETABLES; HENCE THEY ARE USEFUL IN OUR GARDENS.

THE NAVAL ORNAMENT, CALLED AN APLUSTRE, WAS SOMETIMES SHAPED LIKE A PLUME OF FEATHERS, AND FASTENED ON A SWAN'S NECK.

APO

THE APOCALYPSE WAS WRITTEN NEAR THE CLOSE OF THE FIRST CENTURY.

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A'PIARY, a place where bees are kept, which should be selected with great care. It should be sheltered from the wet as well as from the extremes of heat and cold; it

should face the south, be defended from high winds, and not within the sphere of offensive smells, or liable to the attacks of any hostile vermin.

APIS, in entomology, a genus of fourwinged insects, with wings entirely membranaceous, and their tails furnished with a sting; comprehending the bee, hornet, wasp, and humble-bee.In mythology, apis was the name of a bull to which divine honours were paid by the Egyptians, chiefly at Memphis.

APLANATIC, in optics, a term applied to that kind of refraction which completely corrects the aberration of the rays of light, and the colour depending thereon, in contradistinction to achromatic, in which there is only a partial correction of colour.

APLUSTRE, or APLUSTRIA, in the naval architecture of the ancients, an ornament resembling a shield fixed in the poop of a ship, in which case it differed from the acrostolium.

APOCALYPSE, the Greek name of the last book of the New Testament, so called from its containing revelations concerning several important doctrines of Christianity. It is generally attributed to the apostle St. John, who wrote it in the isle of Patmos, whither he had been banished by the emperor Domitian; though there have not been wanting those who ascribe it to other authors, and even wholly reject it as spurious. On account of its metaphorical language, the Apocalypse has been explained differently by almost every writer who has ventured to interpret it; and for the same reason it is one of those parts of the Bible which has furnished all sorts of sects and fanatics with quotations to support their creeds or opinions. But in the metaphors and symbolical expressions with which the Apocalypse abounds, the author seems to have had in view the then existing state of the church of Christ, and its future prospects.

APOC'OPE, in grammar, a figure by which the last letter or syllable of a word is cut off.

APOCRYPHA, in theology, certain books of doubtful authority which are not received into the canons of holy writ; being either spurious, or not acknowledged as of divine origin.

APODICTICA, in rhetoric, an epithet for arguments which are fitted for proving the truth of any point.

APODIOX'IS, in rhetoric, a figure whereby we either pass over a thing slightly, or reject it as unworthy of notice.

APODIX'IS in rhetoric, an evident demonstration.

APOD'OSIS, in rhetoric, the latter part of a complete exordium, or application of a simile.

AP'ODES, the name of one of the orders of fishes in the Linnæan distribution of animals. Their leading character is, that

LAPO

they have no ventral fins. There are twelve genera, among which is the eel tribe.

APOGEE', in astronomy, that point of the orbit at which the sun, moon, or any planet is most distant from the earth. This term, as well as the perigee, was most in use among the ancients; modern astronomers, making the sun the centre of the universe, mostly use the terms aphelion and perihelion. AP'OGRAPH, a copy or transcript of some book or writing. It is opposed to autograph. APOLIDES, in Roman history, those who were banished to some remote part, and condemned to hard labour, with the loss of citizenship.

APOLLINARES, LU'DI or APOLLINARIAN GAMES, in Roman antiquity, were instituted u. c. 542. They were celebrated in honour of Apollo, by a decree of the senate, in consequence of a prediction of the prophet Marcius relative to the battle of Cannæ.

APOLLINARIANS, in church history, a sect of heretics, who maintained that Jesus Christ had neither a rational human soul, nor a true body.

APOLLO BELVIDERE, an ancient marble statue of Apollo most exquisitely finished. It was found in the ruins of Antium, in the 15th century, and placed in the Belvidere gallery of the Vatican palace at Rome.

APOLLO'NIA, in antiquity, an annual festival celebrated by the Egialians in honour of Apollo.

AP'OLOGUE, a poetical fiction, the purpose of which is the improvement of morals. Some writers are of opinion, that this term ought to be confined to that species of fable in which brute or inanimate things, as beasts or flowers, are made to speak; but this distinction, so far from being followed, is generally reversed. It is, in reality, more usual to give the name of apologue where human actors only are introduced.

APOL LYON, a name in Scripture given to the devil, or angel of the bottomless pit. APOPH'ASIS, a figure of speech in which the orator briefly alludes to, or seems to decline stating, that which he wishes to insiAPOPHLEGMATISM, a medicine to promote the carrying off phlegmatic hu

nuate.

mours.

APOPHORETA, in antiquity, presents made to the guests at feasts, or other entertainments, which they carried away with them. APOPH'RADES, in medicine, an epithet for the day in which a disorder comes to the crisis. AP'OPHTHEGM, or AP'OTHEGM, a short, sententious, and instructive remark, especially if pronounced by a person of distinguished character.

APOPH'YAS, in medicine, the ramification of the veins.

APONEURO'SIS, in surgery, the extension of a nerve or tendon. The same term is also used for the cutting off a nerve, &c. APOPH'YSIS, in anatomy, an excres

THE APOCRYPHA IS RECEIVED BY THE ROMISH CHURCH AS CANONICAL.

THE APOLLINARIAN GAMES WERE MERELY SCENICAL, WITH EXHIBITIONS OF MUSIC, DANCING, AND PANTOMIMIC TRICKS.

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A COLLECTION OF RULES AND PRECEPTS, CALLED "APOSTOLIC CONSTITUTIONS," APPEARED IN THE 4TH CENTURY, BUT ARE SUPPOSED TO LE SPURIOUS.

A MAN MAY BE AS EGREGIOUS AN APOSTATE IN POLITICS, AS IN RELIGION.

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cence from the body of a bone, of which it is a true continuous part, as a branch is of

APOSTROPHE, a figure of speech, by which the orator turns from his subject to address a person either absent or dead, as if he were present. AroSTROPHE, injection of a figure or body on the perspecgrammar, a mark of contraction in a word; thus, lov'd for loved.

42 WHEN WE TAKE AN OATH, WE MAKE AN "APPEAL" TO THE DEITY FOR THE TRUTH OF IT.