Planetary Motions: A Historical PerspectiveStudents in an introductory physics class learn a variety of different, and seemingly unconnected, concepts. Gravity, the laws of motion, forces and fields, the mathematical nature of the science - all of these are ideas that play a central role in understanding physics. And one thing that connects all of these physical concepts is the impetus the great scientists of the past had to develop them - the desire to understand the motion of the planets of the solar system. This desire led to the revolutionary work of Copernicus and Galileo, Kepler and Newton. And their work forever altered how science is practiced and understood. Planetary Motions: A Historical Perspective enables students to understand how the discoveries of the luminaries of the Scientific Revolution impact the way physics is practiced today. BLNicolas Copernicus - his revolutionary work On the Revolution of the Heavenly Spheres that placed the sun, rather than the earth, at the center of the universe forever altered how people would see our place in the cosmos BLGalileo - his work did not prove Copernicus correct, but did destroy the ancient physics of Aristotle BLJohannes Kepler - his painstaking work eventually led to his laws regarding how the planets revolve around the sun BLIsaac Newton -his work remains the center of classical physics as studied in classrooms today Jargon and mathematics is kept to a minimum, and the volume includes a timeline and an annotated bibliography of useful print and online works for further research. Planetary Motions is an ideal introduction for students studying physics and astronomy and who need to understand the history and nature of the scientific enterprise. |
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Índice
1 An Introduction to the History of Science | 1 |
2 Babylonian Planetary Astronomy | 5 |
3 Plato and Saving the Appearances | 11 |
4 Eudoxus and Concentric Spheres | 21 |
Figure 41 The Sun in the Summer and Winter Skies | 23 |
Figure 42 Modern Explanation for the Appearance of Retrograde Motion of a Planet | 25 |
Figure 43 Retrograde Motion from Concentric Spheres | 26 |
5 Eccentrics and Epicycles | 29 |
Figure 145 Parallax Stellar Parallax Distance | 106 |
15 The Copernican Revolution | 111 |
Figure 151 Leonard Digges A prognostication everlasting 1556 | 112 |
Figure 153 Frontispiece Galileo Galilei Sidereus nuncius 1610 | 115 |
Figure 154 Galileos drawing of the Moon 1610 | 116 |
Figure 155 Galileos Discovery of Four Satellites of Jupiter | 117 |
Figure 156 Phases of Venus in Ptolemaic and Copernican Models | 120 |
Figure 158 Frontispiece Portrait of Galileo The Assayer 1623 | 122 |
Figure 51 Eccentric and Epicycle Hypotheses | 32 |
Figure 52 Eccentric Solar Orbit | 33 |
Figure 54 Retrograde Motion in the Epicycle Hypothesis | 35 |
6 Equivalence | 37 |
7 Astronomy and Physics | 41 |
8 Saving the Phenomena Quantitatively | 47 |
Figure 81 Ptolemys Geometrical Demonstration of the Solar Eccentricity and Apogee | 48 |
9 Ptolemys Exposition of Mathematical Astronomy | 51 |
Figure 91 Ptolemys Lunar Theory | 54 |
Figure 92 Opposition for Inferior Planets | 57 |
Figure 93 Motion at Perigee and Apogee in the Eccentric and Epicycle Hypotheses | 59 |
Figure 94 Equant Point | 60 |
10 Reality or Mathematical Fiction? | 63 |
11 The Greatest Astronomer of Antiquity or the Greatest Fraud in the History of Science? | 69 |
12 Islamic Planetary Astronomy | 75 |
Figure 121 Straight Line Motion from Circular Motion | 79 |
Figure 122 A page from alTusis AlTadhkira | 80 |
Figure 123 Rotating Circles to Rectilinear Oscillations | 81 |
13 Revival in the West | 83 |
Figure 131 Ptolemy and Regiomontanus are seated beneath an armillary sphere | 88 |
Figure 132 Spherical Scheme of the Universe from Petrus Apianus Cosmographicus Liber 1540 | 90 |
14 Copernicus and Planetary Motions | 93 |
Figure 141 Portrait of Copernicus | 100 |
Figure 142 Copernicuss Heliocentric Planetary Spheres De revolutionibus 1543 | 103 |
Figure 143 Orbit of an Inferior Planet in the Ptolemaic and Copernican Systems | 104 |
Figure 144 Distances from the Earth of a Superior Planet at Conjunction and Opposition in the Ptolemaic and Copernican Systems | 105 |
Figure 159 Frontispiece Dialogo di Galileo Galilei | 123 |
16 Breaking the Circle | 131 |
Figure 161 The Great Quadrant at Augsburg | 133 |
Figure 163 Tycho Brahes Great Mural Quadrant at Uraniborg | 134 |
Figure 164 The Tychonic World System | 135 |
Figure 165 The Tychonic Copernican and Ptolemaic Systems Compared | 136 |
Figure 166 Portrait of Tycho Brahe | 137 |
Figure 167 Basic Polygons between Circular Orbits | 138 |
Figure 168 The Five Regular Solids | 139 |
Figure 169 Keplers Model of the Solar System Closeup of the Model | 140 |
Figure 1610 Stars Engraving by M C Escher | 141 |
Figure 1611 Ellipse | 143 |
Figure 1612 Keplers Law of Equal Areas | 144 |
Figure 1613 Keplers Music of the Spheres | 146 |
Figure 1614 LogLog Plot of Orbital Period versus Distance from the Sun | 147 |
17 Isaac Newton and Gravity | 149 |
Figure 171 Whirlpools of Matter Descartes Principia philosophiae 1644 | 150 |
Figure 172 Shooting cannon balls on the Earth | 153 |
Figure 174 Title page from the Principia 1687 | 154 |
18 The Newtonian Revolution | 161 |
Timeline | 175 |
Glossary | 189 |
Annotated Bibliography | 201 |
| 215 | |
Términos y frases comunes
al-Tusi Alexandria Almagest ancient anomaly apogee appearances Aristotelian physics Aristotle astronomers Astronomia nova Athens Babylonian Callippus century A.D. comet Commentariolus Copernican system Copernicus Copernicus’s Cosmology deferent defined degree Descartes difficult discovery distance Earth eccentric circle eccentrics and epicycles ecliptic ellipse epicycle hypothesis equal equant equant point Eudoxus Eudoxus’s explain fiction Figure find first five fixed stars force Frombork Galileo God’s gravity Greek geometrical astronomy Halley harmony heavens heliocentric Hetherington Hipparchus historians History of Science Image copyright History inferior planet influence instrumentalist Islamic Jupiter Kepler Kepler’s laws longitude lunar mathematical mathematician Mercury Moon Moon’s movements Narratio prima nature Newton Newtonian observations orbit paradigm philosophical planetary astronomy planetary motions Plato position Principia principles Ptolemy quantitative reality reflected Retrograde Motion revolutionibus rotation Saturn save the phenomena scientific revolution scientific theories scientists Sidereus Nuncius Simplicius speed Sun’s tion translation Tycho Brahe uniform circular motions universe Venus vortex wrote
Información bibliográfica
| Título | Planetary Motions: A Historical Perspective Greenwood Guides to Great Idea Greenwood guides to great ideas in science, ISSN 1559-5374 |
| Autor | Norriss S. Hetherington |
| Edición | ilustrada, anotada |
| Editor | Greenwood Publishing Group, 2006 |
| ISBN | 031333241X, 9780313332418 |
| N.º de páginas | 224 páginas |
| Exportar cita | BiBTeX EndNote RefMan |