New Style, substitution of, for the
Old Style, 90, 209.
Newcomen, Thomas, steam-en-
gine of, 246 defects in it, 248,

251, 253, 256; Watt profits by
it, 251.
Newton, Sir Isaac, labors on log-
arithms, 53. Lodgings of, with
an apothecary, 105. Proceed-
ed upon an hypothesis, 114.
Discoveries in light by, 218.
Habitual reverence for, 222.
The reexamination of, by Dol-
lond, 223.
Nicolai,

Christopher Frederic,
Mendelsohn's associate, 192.
Niebuhr, Bartold, 351.
Niebuhr, B. L., 334, 343. Early
instruction of, by his father, 348.
Niebuhr, Carsten, birth of, 305,
308. Early and natural disad-
vantages of, 306, 309. Moral
qualities of, 306. Contempora-
ries, 309. Pursues the study of
geometry, 310; of mathemat-
ics, 311, 315. Proposition to,
to go to Arabia, 314. Studies as-
tronomy with Mayer, 314, 315.
Studies of, preparatory to his
journey, 315. His friendship
for Mayer, 315, 316, 332, 338,
Reception of, by Von Bernstorf,
316. Cited, upon becoming lieu-
tenant of engineers, 317. His
opinion respecting his compan-
ions, 317. His voyage, 320.
At Marseilles and Malta, 321,
322. Sick, 322. Citations from,
illustrating his character, 322.
In Egypt, 323. Takes a plan of
Kahira, 323, 326. Obstacles,
encountered by, 324, 326; at
Alexandria, 324. On the over-
flowing of the Nile, 327. His
journey to Yemen, and chart of
the Red Sea, 329. Sick, 329-
331. Depressed, 330. Jour-
neys to Sana, 330. Sails to
Bombay, 331.

Visits Persepo-
lis, 332. In Persia, 333. His
intimate friends, 334.

His ex-

cursion to Cyprus and Palestine,
334. At Constantinople, 335.
His reception by the King of Po-
land, 335; by Bernstorf, 336. In-
timate friends of, after his re-
turn, 336. Expense of the ex-
pedition of, 336. His prepara-
tions for publication, 337. Im-
posed on, by Hell, 339. Aided
by Bernstorf, 339. His Descrip-
tion of Arabia, 340. Informa-
tion procured by, from Abder-
rahman Aga, 341. His desire to
visit the Niger, 342. His wife
and children, 343. His opinion
of Reiske, 343. Appearance of
his first volume of Travels, 343.
Publication of Forskaal's works
by, 343. His second volume
of Travels, 344. His third vol-
ume, 344, 345, 347, 356. His
residence at Copenhagen, 344;
at Meldorf, 345, 361. Pecuni-
ary speculations of, 346. Dis-
advantages of, at Meldorf, 346.
Acquaintance of, with Boie, 347.
Writes for the Museum, 347.
His instruction of his children,
348. Herder sends his Persep-
olis to, 350. Loves the Arabs
and hates the Turks, 351. His
opinion of Bruce's Travels, 352.
Furnishes a plan of Aleppo to
Russel, 352. Correspondence
of, with Rennel and De Sacy,
353; with Bocage, 354. Illness
and agricultural employments of,
354. Investigations of, respec-
ting marsh-land, 355. Loss of
copper plates by, 356. Heron's
extracts from, 356. Solicita-
tions for his third volume, 356.
Communications of, to Zach,
357. Agreeable incidents in the
last years of, 357. Befriended
by the King of Denmark, 358.
His discharge of duties as sec-
retary, 358, 359. On out-dikes,
358. On plants of the salsosa
tribe, 359. His loss of sight,
359. Death of his wife, 360.

Observatory, Brahe's, at Hueen,
65.

Old Style gives place to the New,
90,209.
Opie, 120.

Optics, Bacon's errors in, 208.
Discoveries in, 215; spectacles,
216; magnifying or burning
glasses, 216; telescopes, 216,
218; microscopes, 217; by Kep-
ler and Descartes, 217; by
Gregory and Newton, 218; by
Dollond, 222, 223, 224; Rams-
den, 225; Herschel, 233;
Fraunhofer, 237.

Orleans, Duke of, purchases a
lens, 68.

Overflowing of the Nile, 327.

P.

Padua, Belzoni honored at, 372.
Painters, Rosa, Lorraine, the Ca-
ravaggios, Opie, and Spencer,
120; Highmore, Hannam,
Wright, and Gilpin, 121; Gains-
borough, 122; Barry, 123; Law-
rence, 134; Giotto, 140; Batoni
and Greuze, 141; Ehret, 142;
Solario, 143.

Painting, first essays in, 106.
Palace of Joseph, in Kahira, 326.
Palestine, visited by Niebuhr, 334.
Palitzch, first observer of the com-
et of 1758, 238. Lalande cited
respecting, 238.

Papin, Denis, improvements in
the steam engine by, 242.
Paris, University of, founded, 15.
Paris, William of, 212.
Parkes, Samuel, school days of,
93. Soap-boiler, 94. Married,
94. Manufactures muriatic acid,
94. Studies chemistry, 94.
Works on chemistry by, 95.
Honored by the Emperor of
Russia, 95. Merits of his ele-
mentary works, 95, 99. Other
writings by, 100, 101. His
death, 101. Practical remarks,
101.

Pascal, Blaise, his manner of study-
ing geometry, 106.

Pasch, G., work by, on inventions,
60, note.

Pasino, grandfather of Canova,
147.

103.

Pendrell, Joseph, 171.
Penzance, Davy's residence at,
103. Character of the country,
Watt's residence at, 107.
Perfection, Ramsden's love for,
228, 230.
Peripatetics, Abelard, 196, note;
Averroes, 199. Origin of the
word, 199, note.
Persepolis, visited by Niebuhr, 333.
Peter the Great, birth and early
years of, 25, 33. His purpose,
on coming to the throne, 25.
Occasion of his creating a navy,
26. His visit to Amsterdam,
27. Labors in dock-yards, 28,
30. Attends to his duties as sov-
ereign, 29. Visits England, 29.
Various manual labors of, 30.
His lodgings, 30. Studies of, 31.
Burnet's opinion of, 31. His
reforms in Russia, 32, 41. Sec-
ond foreign tour of, 33. Passion-
ate, 34. Literary attainments,
34. Patron of literature and the
arts, 35. Habits of, when trav-
elling, 35. Predilection for sur-
gery, 36; for ship-building, 37.
Receives orders from the Lord
High Admiral, and builds a man-

of-war, 37. Ships draughted
by, 38. Literary works by, 38,
Death of, and remarks on, 38.
Compared with Alexander, Char-
lemagne, and Bonaparte, 39.
Petty, William, 74.
Phelps, Thomas, 237.
Philosopher's stone, 197, 210.
Philosophical experiments, 112.
Philosophy, errors of Bacon in,
206. Species of objects in, 208.
Piehl, Niebuhr's intimacy with,
361. Remarks on, 271.
Pistons, introduced into steam-en-
gines, 243, 254. Watt's diffi-
culty with, 255.
Plato, wealthy, 43.

Pneumatics, experiments in, 75.
See Air, Boyle, Davy, and Gali-

32. Canstein's re-inventions in,
91.

Prismatic colors, discovered by
Newton, 218.

Proclus, destruction of ships by,
at Constantinople, 58.
Pronunciation, learnt by Bloom-
field, 167.

Proportion, geometrical and arith-
metical, 48.

Ptolemy, the Almagest of, 200.
Pursuit of knowledge, amusement
in the, 8. See Dark Ages,
Knowledge, Painters, Poets,
Poverty, Rank, Self-educated,
Steam, Tailors, Travellers, and
Wealth.

Purver, Anthony, 171.
Pyramids, visited by Belzoni, 371.
Pythagoras, 10.

R.

Raikes, Robert, 39, note.
Rail-ways, steam-engines on, 262.
Rainbows, attempt to explain,
216.

Ramsay, Allan, 163. The Gen-
tle Shepherd by, 164, 165.
Ramsden, Jesse, 225. Improve-
ments in instruments by, 226.
Honored and rewarded, 227.
Dutens on the character and
habits of, 228. His accuracy,
finish, and love of perfection,
228, 229. Mathematical and
mechanical attainments of, 229.
Extent of his business, 229.
Ramus, Peter, the logician, 171.

eries respecting, 68.
Porta, Baptista, 216.
Potassium, 114.

Poverty, voluntarily embraced, 9.

Parkes's struggle with, 94, 101.
Not an obstacle to success, 159.
Power-loom, Cartwright's, 279,
284.

Prague, Brahe's residence at, 66.
Prejudices, Bacon subject to, 208.
Prince, 78.

Printing, introduced into Russia,

edge by persons of, 9; by Crates,
Thales, Democritus, Anaxagor-
as, and Pythagoras, 9, 10; Al-
phery, 11; Alfieri, 11, note; Mar-
cus Aurelius, 12; Julian, 13;
Charlemagne, 14; Haroun Al
Raschid and Alfred, 15; James
I., of Scotland, 19; Henry 1.,
Charles V., Henry VIII., Ed-
ward VI., and Elizabeth, 22;
James I., of England, 23; Al-
phonso X., 24; Peter the Great,