18 Macquarrie's Journey into the Interior of New South Wales. [Feb. 1, affords are fully extensive enough for any increase of population and stock which can possibly take place for many years. Within a distance of ten miles from the site of Bathurst there is no less than 50,000 acres of land clear of timber, and fully one half of that may be considered excellent soil, well calculated for culti vation. It is a matter of regret that in proportion as the soil improves the timber degenerates; and it is to be remarked, that every where to the westward of the mountains it is much inferior both in size and quality to that within the present colony; there is, however, a sufficiency of timber of tolerable quality within the district around Bathurst for the purposes of house-building and husbandry. The governor has here to lament that neither coals nor lime-stone have been yet discovered in the western country; articles in themselves of so much importance, that the want of them must be severely felt whenever that country shall be settled. Having enumerated the principal and most important features of this new country, the governor has now to notice some of its live productions. All around Bathurst abounds with a variety of game; and the two principal rivers contain a great quantity of fish, but all of one denomination, resembling the perch in appearance, and of a delicate and fine flavour, not unlike that of a rock cod. This fish grows to a large size, and is very voracious. Several of them were caught during the governor's stay at Bathurst, and at the halting place on the Fish River. One of those caught weighed 171b.; and the people stationed at Bathurst stated that they had caught some weighing 25lb. The field game are the kangaroos, emus, black swans, wild geese, wild turkies, bustards, ducks of various kinds, quail, bronze, and other pigeons, &c. &c. The water mole, or paradox, also abounds in all the rivers and ponds. The site designed for the town of Bathurst, by observation taken at the flag-staff, which was erected on the day of Bathurst receiving that name, is situated in latitude 33 deg. 24 min. 30 sec. south, and in long. 149 deg. 37 min. 45 sec. east of Greenwich, being also 27 miles north of Governinent House, in Sydney, and 94 west of it, bearing west 20 deg. 30 min. north, 83 geographic miles, or 95 statute miles; the measured road distance from Sydney to Bathurst being 140 English miles. The 'road constructed by Mr. Cox, and the party under him, commences at Emu Ford, on the left bank of the River Nepean, and is thence carried 1014 miles to the flag staff at Bathurst. This road has been carefully measured, and each mile regularly marked on the trees growing on the left side of the road proceeding towards Bathurst. The governor in his tour made the following stages, in which he was principally regulated by the consideration of having good pasturage for the cattle, and plenty of water: 1st stage-Spring Wood, distant 2d do.-Jamieson's Valley, or se Miles. 12 28 cond depot, distant from do. 3d do.-Blackheath, distant from do. 41 4th do.-Cox's River, distant from do. 56 5th do.-The Fish River, distant from do. 6th do.-SidmouthValley, distant from 7th do.--Campbell River, distant 72 80 91 8th do. Bathurst, distant from do. 101 At all of which places the traveller may assure himself of good grass, and water in abundance. On Thursday, the 11th of May, the governor and suite set out from Bathurst on their return, and arrived at Sydney on Friday, the 19th ult. The governor deems it expedient here to notify to the public that he does not mean to make any grants of land to the westward of the Blue Mountains until he shall receive the commands of his Majesty's ministers on that subject, and in reply to the report he is now about to make them upon it. In the mean time, such gentlemen or other respectable free persons as may wish to visit this new country will be permitted to do so on making a written application to the governor to that effect, who will order them to be furnished with written passes. It is at the same time strictly ordered and directed that no person, whether civil or military, shall attempt to travel over the Blue Mountains without having previously applied for and obtained permission, in the above prescribed form. The military guard stationed at the first depot on the nountains will receive full instructions to prevent the progress of any persons who shall not have obtained regular passes. The necessity for the establishing and strictly enforcing this regulation is too 1816.] Mr. Elmes on the Works of Nicholas Ozanne. obvious to every one who will reflect on it to require any explanation here. The governor cannot conclude this account of his tour without offering his best acknowledgments to William Cox, esq. for the important service he has rendered to the colony in so short a period of time, by opening a passage to the new-discovered country, and at the same time assuring him that he shall have great pleasure in recommending his meritorious services on this occasion to the favourable consideration of his Majesty's minister. Sydney, June 10, 1815. MR. EDITOR, MR. TWEDDEL has committed an orthographical mistake in the name of the French artist, whom he calls " Lausanne or Ozan," or whom HYDROGRAPHICUS inquires, in page 483 of your magazine, dated Jan. 1, 1816, and which probably occasioned it to elude his inquiries. A eorrection of this, with such information as I am able to obtain, is very much at the service of your correspondent. NICHOLAS OZANNE, draughtsman and engraver, born at Paris in 1724 drew and engraved in conjunction with his sister Jeanne-Françoise Ozanne most of those views concerning which the late and lamented Mr. Tweddel makes inquiry. In the fine collection of original draw ings belonging to Mons. Morel de Vindé, at Paris, are the following performances by the brother:-Two views of Ports and Roads with vessels making different evolutions, drawn with a pen and tinted, 9 inches by 5, French measure. Two other views of Ports and Docks of Toulon, drawn with the pen and washed with bistre. A pair; one being a view of a Rocky Shore, with Fishermen; and the other, a Tempest, with a Vessel striking on a Rock, the sailors saving themselves by swimming: drawn with black chalk, and the light heightened with white on blue paper-11 inches, French, by 8. But as HYDROGRAPHICUS may wish to possess some of their works, I subjoin a list of a few of the principal which he may procure at any print-shop (Boydell's in Cheapside for instance) that correspond with the Continent. To facilitate his inquiries, I will transcribe their original designations Vue de St. Valery sur la Somme, vue prise dans le Port de Dieppe ; 2 pièces en 1. Jeanne Françoise Ozanne, Sc, Alimet direx, 19 La Ferme flamande et les Relais flamands: 4 pièces en 1. Differents Sujets de Marine: 2 suites de douze pièces chaque ; une est dedié a M. Rouillé. Autre suite de différentes Manoeuvres de Vaisseaux: 24 pièces, en 18 cahiers. pièces chaque; on y voit des vaisseaux en Deux suites de Vaisseaux a la Voile: 6 rade donnant une fête. Marines et Paysages: 16 pièces en 4 cahiers marqués A, B, C, D. 'Six suites de Petites Marines : 3 de chacune 6 pièces, and 3 de chacune 12. Autres Suites de Six Pièces, en 1. reau, exc. Autres Principes de Paysages: en 12 pièces compris le titre. Ve. Chereau, exc. Sujets de Marine : 6 pièces en 1. Numérotées de 1 a 6. La Suite des Portes de France: 24 pièces en 1. Le Gouaz, Sc. Differents Sujets de Marine: 12 pièces en 1. Jeanne-Françoise Ozanne, Sc. Vue du Vaisseau de Roi le Duc de Bourgogne. N. Ozanne, Sc. en 1. Vaisseaux présentes au Roi par les Provinces de France. Ozanne del. Prevot sc. La Frégate parisienne; par le même: 2 pièces. Principales Manoeuvres de la Marine : par le même : en 6 pièces, I am, &c. J. ELMES. Corum-street, Jun. 8, 1816. MR. EDITOR, HAVING in my former paper alluded to the hollowness of the globe, I will here demonstrate it. It is indeed possible to be done more elaborately and decisively by comparison of multiplied geologic and geographic indications; but at present I prefer the very obvious and simple manner following. No person can stand on Dover cliffs, and contemplate those of Calais opposite and the channel between, but,-if he knows the nature and sea-original of the ground he stands upon, and that what he sees opposite is the same, and if he is acquainted with the almost universal existence of sea-base materials under or above those great divisions which lie beyond each shore of the terraqueous globe, the following reasoning will almost naturally occur to him, and from it the conclusion that the globe is hollow, That where he stands it cannot be 20 Rev. Mr. Cormoul on the Hollowness of the Globe. above a twentieth part of its diameter thick, will be almost a simple perception of the senses; but, though it demand a little idea of the nature of the spheric figure, and the consequences of a certain mode of fracture upon it, to argue the case, a conclusion of the very easiest order of rational deduction will ensue. For instance, he knows the land he stands upon from the fossils it contains, (viz.. lobsters, echini, and shells,) must have existed in, and been brought into its present state of stratum, by sea formation. He considers the opposite cliffs of Picardy as a mass of the same nature, and by the very similarity of their faces, as having once been part of the same sea-bank or dorsum, and mutually se vered from the two ends of a middle part, that now lies much lower between them, and remains base to the intervening strait. He perceives the land he stands upon and the opposite shore to have been elevated at least 200 yards higher than their original seat. He knows that these lofty shores are the borders of great divisions of the globe, that lie behind each; and if he is informed that these great divisions are either capped on various eminent parts of their space, or under-run by as evident sea-bases as that which he stands upon; and if he knows that the unpetrified remains of former dry lands, which have been received on those sea-bases, exhibit the marks of being of a similar age with each other; then he will conclude that all these lands must have been raised out of a former sea, and as this rising was apparently contemporaneous, that therefore it could happen no way but by expansion and lift from beneath them. If so, he perceives that the globe must be hollow, and that that hollow must be possessed by an expansible elastic fluid or element, which some accidental occurrence caused to exceed in its usual quantity and power, and which excess burst the globe; but that, when its force was expended, and the exciting cause removed, it subsided again, and permitted the shell of the globe to coalesce in the order which its operations had caused. This order (pursuing the chain of thinking from his common experience of matter) he would suppose to be, generally, an interchange of former land into seabase, and sea-base into land. For it would occur to him, that the whole shell of the globe being burst into [Feb. 1, fragments and expanded, and both the broken land and water borne up.by an under-contained repulsive fluid, on a composure and equilibration of that fluid, the shell would be re-settled pretty much in the order of the density and weights of the materials. The heaviest generally would be the ancient dry land, and the next heaviest, by parity of reason, the sea-banks, shores, and shallower parts of the ocean. They would, generally speaking, too, be most tenacious as more concreted, and less soaked by water, in their stony parts. These qualities in the dry lands would produce two effects: first, that of their generally sinking deepest if permitted, and that of adhering strongest in mass, so that upon fracture from within they would mostly take off, by breaking disproportionately wide at their tops, a good deal from the top of the less tenacious sea-bases, so that these latter would arise with their faces declining upwards and widening downwards, as all the sea borders and cliffs even of the hardest stone are found to exist all the world over; but upon expansion of the broken parts from each other, the denser and heavier dry lands would sink, and the sea bases would be lifted highest. With this case the Dover and Calais cliffy shores and the stripe of sunken heavier sea-base between them, correspond exactly, as well as sea-cliffs all the world over. But in order that these cliffs and the vast expanses of country behind them should be permitted to rise at all (and risen they have ocularly), it is mechanically necessary that the earth should be a hollow sphere, and that that sphere should be split wholly through, that room should be made by expansion for the wider-brinked, broken intervals to sink, as this very simple analogous figure of a spheric fracture proves by inspection. 1816.] Dover. Rev. Mr. Cormoul on the Hollowness of the Globe. The present inclination of Dover and Calais cliffs may be 10 or 15 degrees, but this has been enlarged by wear and slips, though chalk cliffs preserve a very parallel wear in their wastes, by either rains or frost slips, and stone cliffs lose less; but let effects on the hardest specimens of the latter kind be attributed to the former, such as those at Boulogne, and say that the inclination of the chalk was at first only from 4 to 5 degrees. Then if the intervening broken piece b, be supposed to be fractured from the very point of the angle d, the two parts on its outsides a a must conjoin at that point, which is of necessity that of the utmost thickness of the globe's convex shell; which is but 13 or 14 times the width of the top of the sunken portion b, under 300 miles. But as it is most consonant to the experience of broken spherical material, that b will maintain more than half the width of its top part at the bottom C, that point of thickness will be at less than 150 miles below the surface, 21 perhaps 90, or e, is as probable a thickness there as any space. The ne plus. of possibility is under 300 miles. The above case is sufficient to deter mine that the earth is hollow, though some cavil might be made if it were a singular incident. But the same geologic and geographic facts and features, at least similar with respect to the same decision of the question, occur on all sides of the globe, and are frequent from nearly one polar region to the other, and round the circuit of the parallels to the amount of perhaps fifty stations or more; so that the combined force of their evidence is decisive. Therefore that their present condition could occur no way but by the disruption of a hollow sphere ́is clear, and it is as clear that it could only occur by expansive fluid. Besides, the hollow construction of the globe is suggested by the descent and offices of the neutral electric fluid, and by the return and mode of the issue of the magnetic fluid, and they, in conjunction, on any undue increase and excitation, would of necessity produce such an effect as the Deluge, and in the process of it occasion such incidents as the geographic features of the earth, mountains, rivers, and seas, and all the geologic incidents present in all their variety, and the supposed confusion and disorder which the earth's interior exhibits, but which are real, legal, and direct consequences of the principles then in T. CORMOULS. Tanworth, near Henley in Arden. action. MR. EDITOR, AS you often, and I think very judiciously, devote a page of your magazine to the exposure of publications and the suggestion of remedies for correcting them, I trust you will permit me to call the attention of your readers to one which has been of late much the subject of discussion and inquiry in this county, although one by no means of mere local occurrence. The abuse to which I allude is the frequent and of late years a growing practice of nominating to the commissions of the peace men utterly disqualified by education, or rather want of education, for so important a trust; and one of such vital consequence to the liberties and interests of the country. Under the prevailing system, it is not a case of rare occurrence to see a man entirely unable to comprehend, the very laws he is commissioned to put in force, still placed in the commission. It is a natural enquiry, therefore, how does such 22 Appointment of Magistrates-On Metz, Canova, &c. a man obtain the appointment? The fact is, he possesses a little local influence from his property, and has some weight at an election contest. This is made a convenient tool to obtain it. The consequence is, that in return for this interest, he is promised to have his name enrolled in the next commission. Bringing then no other practical qualification whatever to the trust than the idea of its value as giving him a little lift in his neighbourhood, we see the owner of this thus misplaced authority instead of benefiting his country by what it has a just right to demand of him--a judicious, enlightened, and impartial enforcement of its laws, directing his sole exertions to the detection, conviction, and punishment of that (in his eyes) most atrocious of all crimes-poaching! All the benefit therefore which the people are to look for from the nomination of such magistrates, is the enforcement of a particular and at best but questionable set of laws, from which they having no general interest in them, can derive no benefit, however rigorously, and as it often happens, oppressively enforced they may be. That the evil is an existing one there is no dispute; but it is to be lamented that it is moreover an increasing one. The very appointment of such men is the cause of its increase. Many of the resident country gentlemen of liberal education and cultivated intellect, the exertion of whose talents and enlarged ideas would benefit their country, would tend to the amelioration of the poor, and the improvement of the public morals, now retreat with disgust from the execution of an office in which they have continually to come in contact with the opposition and discouragement which ignorance and prejudice ever oppose to public spirit and refined plans of national improvement. As things are then there appears but one remedy to arrest the growing evil. As those who are competent will now seldom, and indeed cannot be expected to join their incompetent colleagues in office, it would surely answer the most valuable interest of the public good if the plan it is generally supposed the late Mr. Pitt had it in contemplation to try, were now adopted, of substituting a local police in every convenient district in the kingdom, composed of regularly educated professional men, for the present very inadequate, anomalous, and too often mercenary benches of country justices; confining the existing commissions to the [Feb. 1, business of the lieutenancy only in future. I shall be happy, Mr. Editor, if the suggestion of this evil should lead to the calm and able discussion, in your miscellany, of a topic of such deep importance to the best interests of the British constitution. Berkshire, Jan. 3, 1816. MR. EDITOR, SCRUTATOR. I HAVE observed in your number for November last, the inquiries of a correspondent respecting METZ the artist, and although unable to answer that part as to the completion of the engravings from the Last Judgment of Michael Angiolo, yet I am happy in saying that this eminent engraver, no less than artist, was alive four months ago residing at Rome, where I saw him. Although somewhat advanced in years, he appeared to enjoy good health. I was informed that he had partially laid aside engraving, confining his talents to the execution of historical compositions in bistre, which, from their excellency, sold at high prices even at Rome, where so many superior artists are found. With respect to the authenticity of the anecdote of the great CANOVA, mentioned by your correspondent, although I have not sufficient grounds for contradicting it, yet I am inclined very much to call its correctness in question. Of the astonishing statue of Hebe its magic sculptor has made three repetitions, the last supposed pre-eminent in delicacy of finishing. This I contemplated in his gallery at Rome last July, and at the same time was informed by one or two of his scholars that it had been purchased by Lord Cawdor (as far as an Italian pronunciation can be relied on) for three thousand guineas. On the correctness of this information I believe your correspondent may rely. Permit me now, through the medium of your valuable miscellany, to request some information respecting the design made by Canova for a Sepulchral Monument for Lord Nelson, and of which a large engraving, executed by one of the best engravers at Rome, has there been published. As it fell into my hands only the day before I left that city, I had no opportunity of obtaining those particulars respecting it which I am now anxious to procure. Its design is chastely classical and awfully magnificent. In recording the memory of such a man as Nelson, the greatest powers of art and genius should be employed, without con |