post for, 265; pots for, 265 : propagation ing, 288; in rooms, 327 340 228 : planting, 358 roots, 29, 32, 112; wintering, 54; tubers 280 324 113 weather, 105; slug destroyers, 122; pro- portion to drakes, 122 decay of, 358 165 forcing, 263 : in pots, 263 ton's), 91 : succession of, 123: trenching, metrical, 332 their form and substance, 150 for bed, 358 breed, 172, 299, 301; diseases of, 173, 179 : Guinea, 173: (game) 293 : eggs for hatch- ing, 294 for, 152: removing old, 178 : arrangement for S.E. wall, 316 seed and cuttings, 67, 135 : seed sowing, 35: 272 : bear shade, 284: pruning, 284 grafting, 328 68, 77; cuttings crowded, 23; cuttings win- scarlet, 359 seed, 161 289; elongata, 290 ter treatment, 82; in pots, 92; sowing, 125; in wrong soil, 272 328 cuttings, 303 ; planting, 35; bushes, pro- pillar, to destroy, 357 trees, 24 ; sowing, 148, 292; garden, 159 ; seed for lawn, 160 ; breaking-up, 292 23; heating, 23, 82, 123, 100, 216, 247, 340, for cold, 358 ture, 204 Heliotrope, wintering, 08; in autumn, 74 ; cuttings, 216 242 163 ; building and earthing, 164; of leaves, 103 ; for cuttings, 247 mouldy, 91; planting, 17; in moss, 228; 328 teacher, 119; berries, 204 folia, 328; age of seeds, 148 ; offsets, 192 culture, 78 en garden, 200 273 zinc, 359 serving, 104 ; fall of, 119; on cuttings, 277 ; for hotbed, 272 ; effect of gases on, 271 culture, 167, 234 12 ; culture, 225, 293 ciosum sowing, 303 Lithospermum Hendersonii pruning, 36 modes of using, 35, 200, 303 ing, 359 117 culture, 348 308 of, 303; culture, 192, 229 144, 158, 189, 281, 348; too dry, 124 ; in culture, 250 culture, 169, 226 : transplanting, 22 : ground for, 315 October culture, 20; potting, 20 ; treat- with, 236 : orchid-house, moisture of air, calendar, March, 290 119, 133, 145, 158, 176, 189, 201, 214, 226, 243, 258, 269, 281, 295, 312, 354 sorbed by sced, 218 : by soils 330, 247 seedlings in pots, 35; under shrubs, 259 sowing, 292; parasite, 249 incarnata, quadrangularis, 342, 343 ; cæ- rulea, 342; training, 356 83 : not bearing, 103: blossom screening, 247: house heating, 204 : unpruned, 284 pruning, 106, 220, 223, 284 ; barren, 148; two som grub, 261; unfruitful, 284, 328 24; sticking, 104; Grimstone's Egyptian, bidge's Eclipse, 302; culture, 337 182, 1: shifting, 192 192 for, 267 : cuttings, 358 290 spot on, 257 and the wind, 217: fattening, 299 195: not fruiting, 103: Prince Albert, 156: for, 286 : in vinery, 358 in, 12, 36: of turf, &c., 154 trec pruning, 106, 316 : planting, 35 : un- 326 56 of, 336 327 : golden rules for, 72: storing, 79 : manuring for, 91: autumn planting, 129 : early, 340 293, 350 and hens, relative number, 50: Dorking rearing, hatching, &c., slipping eggs, 359 and dwarfs, 274: wall trees, 275: trees, 302 : its principles, 209 337; culture, 236 species, 176; culture, 236, 272 ; list of, 236 let, 68; not flowering, 103; moving, 194 ; in clay soil, 272 in beds, 123; planting, 11; dressing, 132; 312 storing, 47; grubbing up, 258; deeply oxygen, beneficial to, 330 China wintering, 36 : selection of, 68 : bud- 299 : budded in hedgerow, 303 : a manure, 82, 157, 281; to bulbs, 284 prunelloides, 84; splendens, 129 ; fulgens and gesneræflora culture, 130 102 ; moving, 82, 104; bleaching, 123, 136; Queen culture, 23; forcing, 38 berosum, 328 arrangement of, 36; protecting, 290 ; beds to ornament, 244 cuttings, 32, 210, 254; bedding out, 75; WOODCUTS. over- 284 ; forcing, 158, 177, 214; culture, 280, 321 ; cutting, 359 speed of growth, 2; heat they endure, 3 ; bearing decreased tubers, 231 ; buying, 237 14 ; newly planted, 140 improving sandy, 36; improving light, 82; to improve, 171 244, 315 tions for, 218; depths, 316 247: heating by, 247; for conservatory, 358 temperature for, 267 ; unfruitful, 192, 284; temperature for, 267 ; pulchella, 344 ; cut- tings, 358 Tree and Neapolitan, 110, 303, 340 160; flowers in, 260* 68, 322; forcing, 72, 195, 286, 319; its his- 271; scale, 273; and disbudding, 303 west, 148 unfruitful, 12; protecting, 216 92; necessary for germination, 38; its value, 145; stagnant, 359 moles, 329 328; culture, 68 105, 125, 137, 149, 161, 181, 193, 205, 217, 229, 249, 261, 273, 285, 305, 317, 329, 341. 12; plants in frames, 35; cuttings, 16, 35 ; tings, 24, 36 Large White butterfly Page 2 Succulent beetle Page 125 Pear-blossom Beetle Page N.B. In the above table of the weather near London in 1848, the highest and lowest state of the (B)arometer and (T)hermometer is shewn for each day, and the (R)ain which fell in decimals of inches. St. Faith, a virgin martyr, and native of Pais de Gavre, in France, has a powerful influence over those which closely succeed to it. Thus suffered whilst Dacian presided over that country, about the year 290. it is an observation, founded on long experience, that “ if the latter She appears to have been a favourite saint in England during the end of October and the beginning of November be for the most part prevalence here of the Roman Catholic religion; many churches warm and rainy, then January and February probably will be frosty being dedicated to her memory, and cold, except after a very dry summer. But if in October and November there be snow and frost, then January and February are St. Denys, or Dionysius the Areopagite, was converted at Athens likely to be open and mild" If the summer and autumn have been by the preaching of St. Paul (Acts xvii. 34). It is said that he be- hot and dry, and the heat and the dryness extend far into September, came first Rishop of Athens, and that he suffered martyrdom there; as they have in the present year, then probably the early part of the but little of his history that can be relied upon is known. St. Denys winter will be mild, but the close of the winter and the beginning of has been chosen by the French as their tutelar saint. the spring following will be cold. METEOROLOGY OF THE WEEK.-This is one of the periods of the In the latitude of London the night temperature of October most year most uncertain in its weather in this our uncertain climate. usually ranges between 350 and 51°, and the day temperature between 50° and 650 From a register kept at the Chiswick Gardens, and from which we The mean height of the barometer is 29.7 inches, and chiefly take our meteorological tables, it appears that during 22 years, its range or variation about one inch and a half. The average depth and of the 154 davs occurring between the 4th and 10th of October, of rain during the month is 2 inches, and the averare evaporation both included, in those years, 71 days have been more or less rainy, and from the earth's surface one inch and six-tenths. Yet, let no one 83 have been fair. The greatest amount of rain that fell on any one day suppose that this depth of rain is the same throughout England. during those 71 was about three-fourths of an inch; the average The variableness of the rain in different places of our country is one of highest temperature during these seven days in those 22 years is the most remarkable of the phenomena attendant upon our climate. 61.7°; and the average lowest temperature 43,5. The thermometer Thus, at Gosport, the average fall of rain in October is 3.25 inches; during these days never rose above 64.2, nor fell below 41.1°The at Exeter, 3.1; at Aberdeen, 2.0; at Bath, 2.9;, at Carlisle, 3.0; and highest temperature of which we have any record as occurring on any on the western coast it is far greater. Thus, in the October of 1811 of these days was on the 6th, in the year 1834, when the thermo- there fell at Liverpool more than 8 inches of rain, whilst at Thetford, meter reached 77° in the shade. The only instance we know of in Norfolk, there fell but 3 inches. snow falling during these days was in 1829, when during the night of the 7th it occurred in many parts of England; but, when our climate NATURAL PHENOMENA INDICATIVE OF WEATHER.-Under this was very different, we find in the Chroniclers that a frost lasted in head we shall give Mr. Forster's observations, amplified with those the year 760 from the 1st of October to the 26th of February. In made by many other naturalists, being fully convinced that the com bined testimony of these never deceive in foretelling an approaching order to keep the warmth in the soil about the roots of vines intended for early forcing, it is a good plan to keep the border covered with change of weather. “If, after continued fine weather in summer, we litter, and a tarpaulin at night, uncovering it during fine warm days. perceive the sky streaked with clouds, called Mares Tails, and it gra dually gets more obscured; if the swallows skin low over the surface Having thus observed upon the days more particularly under our of the meadows; if the cattle snuff the air with distended nostrils ; consideration, we will refer briefly to the meteorology of the month. and if spiders come out in unusual numbers, we should say rain was In October, it has been truly said by an accurate observer, Mr. coming ; " and we never knew such aggregates of indications prove Webster, great and important changes take place in the whole atmo- deceptive. sphere, from the equator to the poles, for it is the shifting of the Ants.-When there is a general bustle and activity observed in antscasons throughout every region of the globe. Winter and darkness hills, and the ants appear all in motion carrying their eggs, appabegin to shroud the arctic circle, whilst light and warmth return to rently for better shelter, it generally intimates approaching rain. cheer the southern pole; what is withdrawn from one hemisphere is This observation was made by many of the ancients, as Aratus, immediately transferred in an equal degree to the other hemisphere. Varro, Pliny, and Virgil. The last-named (Georg. I., 379) saya, the The rains no sooner cease in one tropic than they begin in the other; shower never comes unforeseen, but that before it arrives, aniong as soon as snow falls in October on the mountains of Greece, and the other intimations, may be seen-autumnal rains begin at Algiers, Madeira, &c., the dry seasons set in at the Cape of Good Hope, Swan River, Valparaiso, &c. In England Ants, as from secret cells their eggs they bear, there is no doubt that the weather which occurs during this month Each following each, the tract continuous rear, two black spots on the middle. The under side of the under wings pillar seem injured that it was thought he might survive, but he died is light yellow. Breadth, when expanded, two inches. The cater- during the night. pillar is blueish-green, thinly haired, and sprinkled with black dots, having a yellow stripe on the back, and the same on the sides. These caterpillars are found, throughout the summer and autumn, on all the sorts of cabbage, on horse-radish, radishes, mustard, and similar plants, as well as on water-cresses. The pupæ are yellowish green, with black dots, with a point on the head, and five on the back. The best way to destroy them is picking off and killing the caterpillars, as well as the pupæ, as far as it is possible ; the latter are found attached to adjacent trees, hedges, and walls. But care must be taken not to destroy those pupæ which have a brown appearance ; because they are full of the larvæ of ichneumons, and other allied parasites, which are the great scourge of these caterpillars. A lady, and an entomologist, gentle as the Lepidopteræ she studies, saw, a few weeks since, about thirty grubs of the Ichneumon fly (Micrograster glomeratus) actually eat their way out through the back of one of these caterpillars. So little did the cater . 10 91 . In our last number we brought down our consideration of the principles of gardening to the point where it is necessary to consider the circumstances essential for the germination of a seed. Now a certain degree of warmth is essential, for no cultivated plant, has seeds that will germinate below or at the freezing point of water. A temperature above 32° of Fahrenheit's thermometer, therefore, is requisite ; and the plants of which the seeds will germinate nearest to that low degree of temperature, in this country, are the winter weeds. For example, we have found the seeds of the Poa annua, the commonest grass of our gravel walks, germinate at 35°, and the seeds of groundsel (Senecio vulgaris) would probably require no higher temperature. But, on the other hand, the temperature must not be excessively high. Even no tropical seed, probably, will germinate at a temperature much above 120 F., and we know from the experiments of MM. Edwards and Colin, that neither wheat, oats, nor barley, will vegetate in a temperature of 113° Every seed differing in its degree of excitability, consequently has a temperature without which it will not vegetate, and from which cause arise the consequences that different plants require to be sown at different seasons, and that they germinate with various degrees of rapidity. For example, two varieties of early pea, sown on a south border on the same day, and treated strictly alike throughout their growth, were about a fortnight differing in all their stages of vegetation. Sown. In bloom. Gathered from Cormack's Prince Albert Jan. 4. April 1. May 14. Warwick Jan. 4. April 13. May 28. In another set of experiments, of the following varieties all sown on the 28th of March, Prince Albert bore peas fit for table June 19–3 ft. high, fine early sort. Bishop's Early dwarf, do. June 26-9 ins., inferior in every way. Early Racehorse, do. June 29—3 ft., nothing meritorious. Shilling's Grotto, do. June 29—3 ft., most excellent. Dwarf Green Marrow, do. July 10-3 ft., large pea, fine quality, full Adanson found that, under the most favourable circumstances, various garden seeds might be made to germinate in the following very different spaces of time. Spinach, Beans, Mustard . 3 days. 6 8 9 30 40 or 50 do. Almond, Chesnut, Peach 1 year. Rose, Hawthorn, Filbert In one instance M. Adanson certainly must have experimented with old seed, for we have found good new parsley seed, sown on fresh fertile soil in May, had germinated in two days, and its leaves were above the surface within a week from the day of sowing Then again in the case of rose seed,-at all events, in the case of that of the dog rose,—if the hips be allowed to endure the frosts of winter before they are gathered, the seed will germinate in much less time than is named by M. Adanson. This lesson was probably taught the gardener by nature, for the hips of roses never shed their seed in this country until they have been frosted. The gardener should always bear in mind that it would be a very erroneous conclusion, because a seed does not germinate at the accustomed time, that therefore its vegetating powers are departed, No two seeds taken from the same seed-vessel germinate precisely at the same time; but, on the contrary, one will often do so promptly, while its companion seed will remain dormant until another year. M. De Candolle relates an instance where fresh tobacco seedlings continued to appear annually for ten years on the same plot, though no seed was sown after the first sowing; and the same phenomenon usually occurs for two or three years when the seed of either the peony or hawthorn are sown. Why one seed is more easily excited than another is as yet unexplained, but the wisdom of this one of many provisions for avoiding the accidental extinction of a species in any given locality is readily discerned. An ungenial spring may destroy the plants arising from those seeds which first germinated, 2 do. сгор. good quality, full crop. of fine peas.-Gardener's Chronicle. full сгор. . |
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