Guinea, 173: (game) 293: eggs for hatch- Franciscea hydrangeaformis, 359 Fruit garden, stocking, 247 Fuchsia fulgens, 296, 358 Fungi, edible, 247 Furze sowing, 328 GALLUS PENDACTULUS, 50 Garden plan, 68 Gardeners' Magazine of Botany, 207, 261 Geese, 239, 294, 351; feeding, 51 Geometra cervinaria and clavaria, 37 Geraniums, wintering (scarlet), 4, 23, 24, 55, Germination, influence of water on, 58; of Gesnera, Douglasii and Zebrina, culture, 104, Gladioli, planting, 7; late flowering, 55; win- Gladiolus insignis, culture, 180; gandavensis, Grape (royal muscadine), 284 Grass, sowing, 107; for hay, 114; under Green-fly, to banish, 215 ers, Greenhouse, plants returning to, 8; erecting, Groundsel, 296 Gryllotalpa vulgaris, 205 Heliotrope, wintering, 68; in autumn, 74; Hemerocallis japonica, 284 Hepatica (double blue), 328 Hollyhock, cuttings, 67; list of, 213 Honeysuckle, pruning, 136; budding, 247 Horn-shavings, 123 Horse-chesnut, to destroy its bitterness, 24 242 Horses starting, 249 Hot water pipes, 272; joints of, 272 Hot water apparatus, 313 Hoya carnosa flagging, 272; unhealthy, 284 Hydrangea, 203; forcing, 247; pruning, 247, 328 Hylotoma rosæ, 249 Hylurgus piniperda, 329 Hypoxis stellata, 259 INDIAN CORN not profitable, 67; culture, 135 Ink for zinc labels, 272 Insects, foretelling weather, 149 Ivy, on timber, 259; torn down, 283; a Ixia seedlings, 82; sowing, 92, 125; viridi- Japan lilies, soil for, 12 Jerusalem artichokes turning black, 272; Jessamine, training, 103; budding, 247 Jonquils, planting, 7, 67, 261 Justicia speciosa, 198 KALMIA LATIFOLIA, 82 Kidney beans, storing, 33; runners to winter, 54; sowing, 324; forcing 144, 262, 291 Kitchen garden, 200 Kites as weather guides, 261; soaring high, Kohl rabbi, seed, saving, 160; culture, 316 Labels, making, 200; for plants, 262; of Lancifolium culture, 55 Laurel hedge, moving, 192 Lawns dressing, 253; improving coarse, 316 Leaves, collecting, 6; cleaning, 19, 131; pre- Leonotis leonurus culture, 105 Lilium japonicum not flowering, 36; spe- ciosum sowing, 303 Lilies, time of blooming, 305 Lily of the valley, removing, 136, 328 Lime and salt for potatoes, 192 Lime-tree, its uses, 90 Lime, super-phosphate of, 284, 303 Lined weevil, 161 Lineæ, 354 Loam-making, 204 Lobellia gracilis, erinus and ramosa, 321 Locust tree, 260 Loddiges, notices of the, 207 Lælia superbiens, 323 Lophosphermum cuttings, 82 October weather, 1 Enothera, 344 Oleander buds, dropping, 14; cuttings, 55; Old-fashioned plants, 345 Onions, sowing, 292: tree, 298: potato, 92; Orchidaceæ, culture, 9, 20; house for, 31; December calendar, 131: terrestrial, with, 236: orchid-house, moisture of air, Orchises, time for moving, 251 Orobanche, 249: minor and cærulea, 342 Our village walks, 22, 33, 52, 66, 79, 90, 102, Parsnips, 349; preserving, 46; cankered, 92; Passion flowers, for south wall, 124 Peach, forcing, 73, 297, 319; root pruning, Pear, root pruning, 27; over vigorous, 82; Pelargoniums, in Australia, 124: standard, Persian iris, planting, 7: not blooming, 12, Petunia, seedlings, 12: in autumn, 85: heat Phaius, watering, 235 Phalaenopsis amabile, culture, 122: watering, 290 Phlox culture, 232, 344 Physic garden, 52, 118, 174, 241, 325, 353 Picotee, wintering, 21: yellow, list of, 225: Pig-keeping, 48, 49, 114, 117 Pigs, their sagacity, 174; their diseases, 174; Pink, 354 after frost, 257: planting, 78 Plum, root pruning, 83: over luxuriant, 91: Plumbago Larpentæ, 75, 228, 303: wintering, 56 Plunging materials, 135 Pædisca angustiorana, 81, 252 Polyanthus, wintering, 7: culture, 268: lists Polydrusus oblongus, 261 Pomace, as a manure, 179 Pork curing, 116 Porpuses, indicating weather, 93 Potato planting, 36, 65, 71, 104, 269, 298, 303, manuring for, 91: autumn planting, 122: Pot plants, liquid manure for, 260 Poultry-keeper's calendar, 50, 172, 114, 238, Poultry keeping, 50: setting hens, 50, cocks Protecting, plants, &c., 141, 154 Pruning, 96 orchard trees, 106: espaliers QUICK PLANTING, 204 RABBIT keeping, 315, 353; dung, 339 Rain, average fall of, 13; its constituents, 59 species, 176; culture, 236, 272; list of, 236 Renanthera coccinea culture, 131 Rhodanthe Manglesii, 308; sowing, 55 Rhubarb forcing, 102; removing, 104; forcing 312 Ridging, best mode of, 92, 113 Rooks, 355; their habits, 243 Roots, in cold soil, 25; pruning, 26, 83; Rose, quickly blooming, 12: Manetti, 36: forcing, 158, 177, 214; culture, 280, 324; Sea-weed, as a manure, 147 Seeds, temperature for germinating, 2; their Semasia Woberana, 285 Senecio, or American groundsel, 344 Shanking of grapes, 82 Shelters for orchards, 107 Shreds, preparing, 95 Shrubs, for a damp place, 12: moving large, 14; newly planted, 140 Shrubbery, dressing and pruning, 165 Slater (The), 303 Slimy grub, 71 Sloping banks, 213 Slug mixture, 315; to destroy, 348 Soils, their texture, 3; their temperature, 14; Soiling, 348, 349 Solanum jasminoides on wall, 260 Soot as a pea protector, 216; water, to make, 244, 315 ful, 160; Hautbois culture, 160; British Suckers, to prevent, 62 Sweet pea sowing, 288, 321 TACSONIA PINNATISTIPULA, 359 Tanner's bark as a manure, 82, 160 Tea of herbs, 270 Tenthredro Cerasi, 71 Thalictrum flavum, 175 Thermometer registering, 179 Thunbergias, in window, 24 Tigridia pavonia culture, 135 Tillandsia splendens, 156; stricta culture, 160 Tinea mellonella, 193 Tortrix Angustiorana, 81 Training, horizontal and fan, 219 Trees, order of leafing, 37; newly planted, 140 Trigridias, ripening their bulbs, 38 Tropaeolum azureum culture, 36 Tropaeolum tricolorum treatment, 104; tu- Tropaeolum lobbianum, 260 Tulips, planting, 7, 21, 78; list of early, 17; Turf, under trees, 24; laying, 108 Turkeys, 239, 349; feeding, 51; fatting, 115 Turnips, 349; sprouts, 112 Tying-up plants, 260 VANDA TERES, culture; tricolour, culture, 155 temperature for, 267; pulchella, 344; cut- Vegetable marrow, 359 Vegetable refuse, 192 Veronicas, New Zealand, 342 Violets, culture, 109; Russiap, 110; double, Vinery, fruit for back wall, 160; grapes for, Vines, exposing to cold, 24; in greenhouse, Wall-flower cuttings, 121 Wall-trees mulching, 148; planting, 148; unfruitful, 12; protecting, 216 Walnut planting, 259 Wasps, catching, 23 Water, the best for plants, 58; to cure hard, Water-cress in gardens, 117, 241 Wax melting, 134; flowers, 156 Weather indications: falling stars, thrushes, Weigela rosea transplanting, 148; pruning, Weekly Calendar, 1, 12, 25, 37, 57, 71, 81, 93, Wintering border flowers, 4; plants in pots, Wind indicating weather, 93 Wistaria sinensis alba, 34; removing, 103 Woodlice, trapping, 67, 303 Worms under turf, to destroy, 179 YAMS, 358 Yew, its use, 176 ZAUCHSNERIA CALIFORNICA, 74 N.B. In the above table of the weather near London in 1848, the highest and lowest state of the (B)arometer and (T)hermometer is shewn for each day, and the (R)ain which fell in decimals of inches. ST. FAITH, a virgin martyr, and native of Pais de Gavre, in France, suffered whilst Dacian presided over that country, about the year 290. She appears to have been a favourite saint in England during the prevalence here of the Roman Catholic religion; many churches being dedicated to her memory. ST. DENYS, or Dionysius the Areopagite, was converted at Athens by the preaching of St. Paul (Acts xvii. 34). It is said that he became first Bishop of Athens, and that he suffered martyrdom there; but little of his history that can be relied upon is known. St. Denys has been chosen by the French as their tutelar saint. METEOROLOGY OF THE WEEK.-This is one of the periods of the year most uncertain in its weather in this our uncertain climate. From a register kept at the Chiswick Gardens, and from which we chiefly take our meteorological tables, it appears that during 22 years, and of the 154 days occurring between the 4th and 10th of October, both included, in those years, 71 days have been more or less rainy, and 83 have been fair. The greatest amount of rain that fell on any one day during those 71 was about three-fourths of an inch; the average highest temperature during these seven days in those 22 years is 61.7; and the average lowest temperature 43.5. The thermometer during these days never rose above 64.2, nor fell below 41.1°. The highest temperature of which we have any record as occurring on any of these days was on the 6th, in the year 1834, when the thermometer reached 77° in the shade. The only instance we know of snow falling during these days was in 1829, when during the night of the 7th it occurred in many parts of England; but, when our climate was very different, we find in the Chroniclers that a frost lasted in the year 760 from the 1st of October to the 26th of February. In order to keep the warmth in the soil about the roots of vines intended for early forcing, it is a good plan to keep the border covered with litter, and a tarpaulin at night, uncovering it during fine warm days. Having thus observed upon the days more particularly under our consideration, we will refer briefly to the meteorology of the month. In October, it has been truly said by an accurate observer, Mr. Webster, great and important changes take place in the whole atmosphere, from the equator to the poles, for it is the shifting of the seasons throughout every region of the globe. Winter and darkness begin to shroud the arctic circle, whilst light and warmth return to cheer the southern pole; what is withdrawn from one hemisphere is immediately transferred in an equal degree to the other hemisphere. The rains no sooner cease in one tropic than they begin in the other; as soon as snow falls in October on the mountains of Greece, and the autumnal rains begin at Algiers, Madeira, &c., the dry seasons set in at the Cape of Good Hope, Swan River, Valparaiso, &c. In England there is no doubt that the weather which occurs during this month has a powerful influence over those which closely succeed to it. Thus it is an observation, founded on long experience, that "if the latter end of October and the beginning of November be for the most part warm and rainy, then January and February probably will be frosty and cold, except after a very dry summer. But if in October and November there be snow and frost, then January and February are likely to be open and mild." If the summer and autumn have been hot and dry, and the heat and the dryness extend far into September, as they have in the present year, then probably the early part of the winter will be mild, but the close of the winter and the beginning of the spring following will be cold. In the latitude of London the night temperature of October most usually ranges between 35° and 54°, and the day temperature between 50° and 65°. The mean height of the barometer is 29.7 inches, and its range or variation about one inch and a half. The average depth of rain during the month is 2 inches, and the average evaporation from the earth's surface one inch and six-tenths. Yet, let no one suppose that this depth of rain is the same throughout England. The variableness of the rain in different places of our country is one of the most remarkable of the phenomena attendant upon our climate. Thus, at Gosport, the average fall of rain in October is 3.25 inches; at Exeter, 3.1; at Aberdeen, 2.0; at Bath, 2.9;, at Carlisle, 3.0; and on the western coast it is far greater. Thus, in the October of 1841 there fell at Liverpool more than 8 inches of rain, whilst at Thetford, in Norfolk, there fell but 3 inches. NATURAL PHENOMENA INDICATIVE OF WEATHER.-Under this head we shall give Mr. Forster's observations, amplified with those made by many other naturalists, being fully convinced that the combined testimony of these never deceive in foretelling an approaching change of weather. "If, after continued fine weather in summer, we perceive the sky streaked with clouds, called Mares Tails, and it gradually gets more obscured; if the swallows skim low over the surface of the meadows; if the cattle snuff the air with distended nostrils; and if spiders come out in unusual numbers, we should say rain was coming;" and we never knew such aggregates of indications prove deceptive. Ants. When there is a general bustle and activity observed in anthills, and the ants appear all in motion carrying their eggs, apparently for better shelter, it generally intimates approaching rain. This observation was made by many of the ancients, as Aratus, Varro, Pliny, and Virgil. The last-named (Georg. I., 379) says, the shower never comes unforeseen, but that before it arrives, among other intimations, may be seen Ants, as from secret cells their eggs they bear, two black spots on the middle. The under side of the under wings is light yellow. Breadth, when expanded, two inches. The caterpillar is blueish-green, thinly haired, and sprinkled with black dots, having a yellow stripe on the back, and the same on the sides. These caterpillars are found, throughout the summer and autumn, on all the sorts of cabbage, on horse-radish, radishes, mustard, and similar plants, as well as on water-cresses. The pupa are yellowish green, with black dots, with a point on the head, and five on the back. The best way to destroy them is picking off and killing the caterpillars, as well as the pupæ, as far as it is possible; the latter are found attached to adjacent trees, hedges, and walls. But care must be taken not to destroy those pupae which have a brown appearance; because they are full of the larvae of ichneumons, and other allied parasites, which are the great scourge of these caterpillars. A lady, and an entomologist, gentle as the Lepidoptera she studies, saw, a few weeks since, about thirty grubs of the Ichneumon fly (Micrograster glomeratus) actually eat their way out through the back of one of these caterpillars. So little did the cater IN our last number we brought down our consideration of the principles of gardening to the point where it is necessary to consider the circumstances essential for the germination of a seed. Now a certain degree of warmth is essential, for no cultivated plant, has seeds that will germinate below or at the freezing point of water. A temperature above 32° of Fahrenheit's thermometer, therefore, is requisite; and the plants of which the seeds will germinate nearest to that low degree of temperature, in this country, are the winter weeds. For example, we have found the seeds of the Poa annua, the commonest grass of our gravel walks, germinate at 35°, and the seeds of groundsel (Senecio vulgaris) would probably require no higher temperature. But, on the other hand, the temperature must not be excessively high. Even no tropical seed, probably, will germinate at a temperature much above 120 F., and we know from the experiments of MM. Edwards and Colin, that neither wheat, oats, nor barley, will vegetate in a temperature of 113°. Every seed differing in its degree of excitability, consequently has a temperature without which it will not vegetate, and from which cause arise the consequences that different plants require to be sown at different seasons, and that they germinate with various degrees of rapidity. For example, two varieties of early pea, sown on a south border on the same day, and treated strictly alike throughout their growth, were about a fortnight differing in all their stages of vegetation. Sown. In bloom. Gathered from Cormack's Prince Albert Jan. 4. April 1. May 14. Prince Albert bore peas fit for table June 19-3 ft. high, fine early sort. Dwarf Green Marrow, do. July 10-3 ft., large pea, fine quality, full crop. Blue Prussian, do. July 10-2 ft., good. Matchless Marrow, do. July 17-3 ft., immense pods, large pea, good quality, full crop. Lynn's Wrinkled Marrow, do. Aug. 1-4 ft., good late sort. Blue Scymitar, do. July 25-3 ft., good bearer. Bedman's Blue Imperial, do. July 30-good pea, full crop. Flack's Victoria, do. July 17-2 ft., large pea, full crop. Auvergne, do. July 17-4 ft., fair crop. Groom's Superb Blue, do, July 17-2 ft., thickly set with pods, full of fine peas.-Gardener's Chronicle. In one instance M. Adanson certainly must have experimented with old seed, for we have found good new parsley seed, sown on fresh fertile soil in May, had germinated in two days, and its leaves were above the surface within a week from the day of sowing. Then again in the case of rose seed,-at all events, in the case of that of the dog rose,-if the hips be allowed to endure the frosts of winter before they are gathered, the seed will germinate in much less time than is named by M. Adanson. This lesson was probably taught the gardener by nature, for the hips of roses never shed their seed in this country until they have been frosted. The gardener should always bear in mind that it would be a very erroneous conclusion, because a seed does not germinate at the accustomed time, that therefore its vegetating powers are departed, No two seeds taken from the same seed-vessel germinate precisely at the same time; but, on the contrary, one will often do so promptly, while its companion seed will remain dormant until another year. M. De Candolle relates an instance where fresh tobacco seedlings continued to appear annually for ten years on the same plot, though no seed was sown after the first sowing; and the same phenomenon usually occurs for two or three years when the seed of either the peony or hawthorn are Why one seed is more easily excited than another is as yet unexplained, but the wisdom of this one of many provisions for avoiding the accidental extinction of a species in any given locality is readily discerned. An ungenial spring may destroy the plants arising from those seeds which first germinated, Sown. |