Phonologies of Asia and Africa: (including the Caucasus)

accent affricates allophones Arabic Armenian aspirated Avestan Balochi Brahui CArm clitic consonant clusters consonantal dental dialects Digor diphthongs distinction early Iranian Elfenbein epenthesis examples final position forms fricative front vowel Gathan gemination gen.sg glide glottal Gujarati high vowels Hindi Hindi-Urdu Hittite In.Ir initial position intervocalic Iran Iranian languages Iron Kurdish labial Linguistics loans loanwords long vowel MacKenzie ManMP medial Middle Persian Minimal pairs Morgenstierne morpheme morphophonemic murmur nasal Nilo-Saharan nom.sg Note nouns obstruents occur Old Persian origin Ossetic Pahlavi palatal Pashto pharyngealized phonemic phonology plural pronounced pronunciation Psht reflex retroflex rule Sango Sanskrit script semivowel sequences short vowel sibilants speakers spelling stem stress Sudanic suffix Sumerian syllable unstressed Urdu uvular variation velar verbs vocalic voiceless stops vowel harmony word-final word-initial words written