grievous evils that exist in the world must come to the knowledge of every man, it is proper that they should be gradually disclosed to him, so that they may not bewilder him with their variety or mislead him by their novelty, when he comes to be thrown in contact with them. Concealment can answer no good purpose, and by being allied to deception must lower the credit of his education generally, in the eyes of the young man himself, and so only the more strongly incline him to suspect the value of what he has learnt, the justice of the authority to which he has submitted, and the sincerity of his teachers; on whom he will be prone to revenge himself by plunging without restraint into those vicious pleasures, the existence of which they were so unwisely careful to guard from his knowledge. To accomplish the ends here proposed, the tutor must be, as far as possible, a gentleman and a man of the world, and must possess an influence over the mind of his pupil as much by virtue of his personal address and his general experience, as by his learning and acquirements. To secure his authority the better, he should be thought to be invested with more power than he indeed has, the power of bodily punishment for example, which he should not in reality be allowed. But above all, if you mean your son to respect his tutor, you must be sure to use him with great respect yourself, and cause all your family to do so too; for you cannot expect your son should have any regard for one whom he sees you, or his mother, or others slight."

With respect to scholarship, as was before said, it is a consideration-but one of secondary importance. An ordinary skill will be sufficient to direct the mind at first, and to set it fairly in the course it ought to take,

and instruction of any kind can do little more; eminence cannot be attained through the medium of a teacher, but only by the force of unsolicited nature, which is to say genius, and he who is endowed with genius requires little besides. Those to whom much learning is needful or profitable, will therefore of themselves be sufficiently impelled towards the attainment of it. But, in ordinary cases, it is rather exemption from ignorance than depth of science, that is to be desired for a youth, and least of all should we consent to barter away any portion of moral good for value received in Latin and Greek, whatever that may amount to. Therefore a tutor, without being deeply versed in books, may well enough guide a young pupil, since at least he may contrive always to be in advance of him. But for other learning no smattering will suffice, for-" he will never be able to set another right in the knowledge of the world, and above all in breeding, who is a novice in them himself."

It was before observed, that the rigour of parental authority when the son grows up is as unseasonable then, as the tenderness and indulgence granted to an earlier age. The distance and reserve, which may be necessary at first to establish authority, ought to wear off by degrees as reason and discretion increase, and to give way to familiarity and confidence, till the ties of friendship succeed to the colder obligations of filial duty. There should be a reciprocation of kindnesses between father and son, a mutual confidence, a mutual love, which cannot be whilst any stiffness or formality remains; and this must be begun by the father, who should not hesitate to open his heart to his son when years of discretion have rendered him worthy of that communication. "Propose matters to him familiarly,

and ask his advice; and when he ever lights on the right, follow it as his; and if he succeeds well, let him have the commendation."

It is impossible to give rules in education that shall always serve, for as there are not two characters alike, so there are not two cases where the same method of treatment will be attended with the same results. The peculiar temper of the child must be industriously noted, and this at times when he is least under restraint, for so his natural disposition will peep out, and you will be able to form your plans accordingly. There will always be some predominant qualities, good and evil, and these will, more or less, for ever belong to him; but, by this timely knowledge of them, the latter may be so modified and the former so strengthened, as to increase tenfold the value of the general stock. One general truth may be confidently affirmed, viz., that the love of liberty-nay more, the love of dominion-is implanted in all breasts, and comes into operation with the very first emotions of the mind. It will never be necessary to watch the actions of a child to ascertain this; it may safely be taken for granted, and ought to be added to the account in every scheme for his education. Besides this, and accompanying it, is the sense of property and the desire of possession. Almost all the injustice and contention which we witness spring from these roots. They are weeds which rapidly fasten themselves into the character; but, with determination, may be mastered and thrown out in the season of childhood. Children are to have nothing conceded to their fancy, but only to their wants. If they have been rightly educated, they will have been taught to know that their good is sought in every thing that is done for them, and with this confidence

they will learn to leave all matters to the judgment of their guardians. Therefore, although their satisfaction should always as much as possible be considered, any fanciful or wilful preference of one thing to another must be treated as an unallowable movement of caprice, and withstood accordingly. They will thus be taught a habit of suppressing their desires in the outset, and become their own moderators by a virtue founded in necessity. Here, as before, great care must be taken that all these calculations be not overthrown by the intervention of foolish servants. There is one case, however, wherein fancy must be indulged; this is in the choice of games, and the materials of recreation. Here all should be free and unrestricted, for recreation is not good without there be a delight in it, and delight cannot be always amenable to reason, but must depend mostly on fancy. Also the child's particular bent and disposition, which it is so desirable to know, will best be made apparent by leaving his actions free at these moments. But no violence must be suffered at any time to pass uncorrected, and if one child exhibits a disposition to domineer over another, it must be made the subject of immediate reprehension. On the other side, complaints and accusations of one against another should be discouraged, for sufferance without redress is better than an indulged sensitiveness. If the aggressor is to be reprimanded, it should not be in the presence of the aggrieved, but alone. Encourage a contention amongst children who shall surpass the rest in liberality, that by a practice of parting freely with what they have, good-will and good-nature may become habits of the mind. But above all let the principles of justice be inculcated from the first dawn of reason, and every

defection from it-how trifling soever the matter-be noticed and rectified; but not without discriminating between the acts of a perverse will, and the results of mere ignorance. The first evidences of the spirit of injustice, and the same of all considerable vices, should be met with a show of wonder, as if the thing were new and inconceivable; and it is to be remarked likewise with respect to all such vices, that they should never be named, till such time as they come unfortunately under notice; children should not be warned against a fault which they have not yet committed; they should be presumed incapable of it; to talk of it is to set them thinking of it, and this sort of contemplation familiarises the mind with ideas which it might not otherwise have entertained at all. Crying is either from pain or from wilfulness; in either case it is not to be suffered, but promptly checked. Crying, because something is refused, is obstinately disputing the justice of the refusal, and is, therefore, tantamount to disobedience, and to be treated so. For the other sort of crying, the indulgence of it fosters sensibility and effeminacy, and should for that reason be discountenanced as a fault, as much as the other. Fear is not wholly a defect, nor courage in every extent a merit. No one braves danger for its own sake, and if we see a person voluntarily running into danger, it is either by the impulse of some passion, such as rage, pride, and the like; or through ignorance of what he goes to encounter; therefore in manifestations of this kind in children, we are to analyze the moving principle, and satisfy ourselves how far it be genuine. A proper courage is not confined to the objects of personal danger, but is prepared to meet poverty, disgrace, &c.; unless it reaches to this, it is not complete.