"loient empêcher, que l'on ne disputât dans leur pais "sur ces matières." Bibliotheque Germanique, vol. xiii. p. 116. Turretin adds, that edicts were promulged in the canton of Berne, conformable with this declaration.

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Castellio, who, at the time under consideration, resided in Basle, was ranked by Beza among Calvin's opponents upon this subject, so early as in 1552. It was not, however, until the year 1554, that Calvin publicly attacked him, in a short treatise replete with invective, as the supposed author of two offensive tracts against the Predestination of the Genevan school, which Castellio himself declared (Opuscula, p. 343.) that he had never seen. This distinguished scholar, whom Beza sneeringly characterizes as "quadam Tateivogooúvns specie ineptissime ambitiosus, ac plane ex eorum genere, quos Græci idoyváμovas appellant," (Vita Calvini, anno 1544,) was particularly patronised by Calvin at Geneva; but having the resolution publicly to differ from that Reformer upon two points, viz. respecting the inspiration of Solomon's Song, and the descent of Christ into hell, (Opuscula, p. 353,) he was obliged to quit Geneva in the year 1544, and resided at Basil, in the capacity of Greek Professor, at the time alluded to. The modesty of his defence against the calumnies of his opponent was remarkable. He had been termed," Blasphemum, calumniatorem, malignum, "canem latrantem, plenum ignorantiæ et bestialitatis, 66 plenum impudentiæ, impostorem, sacrarum literarum "impurum corruptorem, impudentem, impurum canem, 'impium, obscoenum, torti perversique ingenii, vagum "balatronem." After recounting these opprobrious epithets, he adds, "Nihil tam tectum est, quod non sit detegendum. Non semper pendebit inter latrones "Christus: resurget aliquando crucifixa veritas. Sed “tu videas etiam atque etiam, ut possis tot convitiorum,

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quæ in eum, pro quo mortuus est Christus, conges"sisti, reddere rationem Deo. Etiamsi ego tam ista " omnia forem, quam non sum, tamen dedecet hominem "tam doctum, tot hominum doctorem, tam excellens ingenium demergere in tam sordida fœdaque convitia." Opuscula, p. 344, 345.

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Upon the whole, it is evident, that in the year 1552, when our Articles were compiled, the Calvinistical controversy, as it has since been generally termed, was only commencing; and that then Calvin published his first work professedly upon the subject, of which Beza remarks," hoc unum istis dissidiis consecuto Satana, uț "caput hoc Christianæ religionis antea obscurissimum "dilucidum perspicuumque cunctis non contentiosis "evaserit." Vita Calv. It is likewise evident, that at the same period the doctrine alluded to was not universally approved even in Switzerland; and that, according to the testimony of Beza himself, such was then the efficacy of error, or, in other words, the attachment to a contrary system, that the mouth of truth, or the preaching of absolute Predestination, was, at that time, somewhere (probably he meant in the canton of Berne) obstructed by public authority; and that the consideration of this deeply affected Calvin, particularly when he perceived Castellio and Melancthon both adverse to his opinions.

Page 50, note (19).

Decretum quidem horribile fateor; inficiari tamen nemo poterit, quin præsciverit Deus quem exitum esset habiturus homo, antequam ipsum conderet, et ideo præsciverit, quia decreto suo sic ordinarat. Institut. lib. iii. cap. 23. sect. 7.

Page 50, note (20).

If Calvin's system had been adopted by our Reformers, never surely would they have inserted among our Articles that of Christ's descent into hell, which seems

to have been directly levelled against one of his peculiar opinions, and one which he thought of sufficient importance to make a difference of sentiment upon it a principal ground for the expulsion of his friend Castellio from Geneva. Castell. Opuscula, p. 353. As this Article stood in the reign of Edward, it was impossible to mistake its application, for it then contained the following clause, afterwards omitted: "Nam cor

pus usque ad resurrectionem in sepultura jacuit: spi"ritus ab illo emissus, cum spiritibus, qui in carcere "sive in inferno detinebantur, fait, illisque prædicavit "quemadmodum testatur Petri locus." This circumstance, however, is only incidentally alluded to: much stronger proof is not wanting.

But modern Calvinists, in opposition to the most convincing testimonies, are fond of supposing, that our Liturgy, as well as Articles, was formed upon a Calvinistical model. From an answer however of Beza to an adversary of Calvin, it appears, that he at least would have esteemed this supposition no compliment. It had been incorrectly asserted, that Bucer was the author of our Baptismal Service. The reply is thus worded: "Quod ad illam Anglicanam Reformatio

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nem attinet, quum dicis eam ex Buceri consilio ac "voluntate fuisse institutam, magnam optimo viro inju"riam facis, qui cum in illo regno versaretur, propa"gati illic Evangelii initio, dici non potest, quot et quam gravibus gemitibus inter cætera deploravit "disciplinæ et puritatis rituum in constituendis illis "Ecclesiis majorem rationem non haberi. Imo etiam "non pigebit, ut de tuo mendacio melius appareat, "quædam ascribere ex ipsius literis ad hominem ami"cissimum Cantabrigiæ scriptis 12 Jan. 1550. in qui"bus hæc etiam scribit: Quod me mones de puri( tate rituum, scito hic neminem extraneum de his rebus 'rogari. Tamen ex nobis, ubi possumus, officio nostro

'non desumus scriptis et coram ac in primis, ut plebi'bus Christi de veris pastoribus consulatur, deinde etiam 'de puritate purissima et doctrinæ et rituum.' Et "alio loco; Sunt qui, humanissima sapientia et eva'nescentibus cogitationibus, velint fermento Antichri'sti conglutinare Deum et Belial.' Hæc ille, Balduine, "paulo ante mortem scripsit, nedum ut illa forma An"glicana acquieverit, cujus illum authorem falso et impu"denter facis." Beza Tractationes Theologica, vol. ii. p. 323. Ed. Gen. 1570.

The real fact indeed, with respect to the little influence either of Bucer's or Martyr's sentiments in the revision of our Liturgy, seems to have been put beyond all controversy by G. Ridley, in his Life of Bishop Ridley; and that by a reference to indisputable testimonies. He observes, p. 333, 334; "A review "of it was therefore determined; and many things "were thought proper to be altered. Bucer and Mar

tyr were desired to give their opinions also, as ap"pears by a letter from Martyr to Bucer, Jan. 10, "1551; in which we see, that these foreigners in ge"neral agreed in censuring the same things. But "they had no further hand in the alterations, than in "delivering their censures separately to the Archbi"shop; for in the same letter Martyr says, that what "the points were, that it had been agreed should be al"tered, he knew not, nor durst presume to ask. And as "for Bucer, he died the latter end of the month, aud "could be no further concerned in it. And as the "reviewers were not moved by them, but by some "members of the Convocation, so many alterations were "agreed, before these Professors were consulted, as ap"pears from the same letter."

With regard to Peter Martyr, so far was he from attempting to dictate upon any point in this kingdom, that we find him thus modestly and submissively ad-.

dressing himself to Cranmer, in the preface of his tract upon the Eucharist, published in London, anno 1550. After a high eulogy upon the Archbishop, he adds; "Quamobrem non opus fuit, ut meum hunc libellum "eo consilio tibi exhiberem, ut ex eo aliquid novi cognosceres, (cum ego potius majorem doctrinæ partem "ex tuis laboribus hauserim,) sed tantum, ob id ad tuam "celsitudinem hoc meum scriptum destinavi, quo tua "censura (cum jure et merito sis Primas totius An"gliæ) de illo statueres, notaresque in eo quicquid a "recto et orthodoxo sensu visum fuerit dissentire; utque "auctoritate tua (quæ, veluti est, ita summo loco ha"beri debet) ea protegeres, tuereris, atque defenderes, "quæ judicaveris divinis literis consona, et cum regiæ ma"jestatis edictis pulchre convenire." And yet in so high a repute have some supposed the credit of this divine to have been with our Reformers, that they have construed the bare circumstance of his being favoured with an asylum in this country, into an approbation of the doctrine of Predestination, which they conceived him to have publicly maintained. As well might they have construed the extension of the same favour to his friend Bern. Ochin (who came over with him) into an approbation of the doctrine of Polygamy; for as Ochin had not yet written upon the latter, so had not Martyr upon the former subject; his only publication of any kind at that period having been an exposition of the Apostles' Creed in Italian, composed when he first abjured the errors of Popery. Vitæ Theolog. Exter. p. 56. But it is likewise certain, that both immediately before and after his arrival here, the sentiments of Cranmer were completely at variance with his, upon one of the most important topics of the day; viz. thẹ Sacramental presence.

Page 51, note (21).

"Nimis horrida fuerunt initio Stoica disputationes