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In regard to this same subject of artificial fertilization, I remark that now, nearly every apiarist of 50 hives or more, has at least one imported queen. In regard to this remark, friend D. writes:

I can not agree here. I have had three daughters of imported queens from as many breeders, and none of them commenced with the stock I had taken pains to breed for honey. With the majority of apiarists, probably, your remarks are correct; but we have a few breeders whose queens are far ahead of a promiscuous importation from Italy, at least, such is my opinion. Five hundred dollars would not hire me to breed all my queens from an imported mother, and let my present stock go down.

If better honey-gatherers can be obtained by going elsewhere rather than Italy, by all means let us have them. As friend D. now offers queens for sale, we can give his stock a very thorough test the coming season.

ARTIFICIAL SWARMING.

In the plan I have given, where one can provide a laying queen during the swarming season, I have advised simply moving a hive away and putting a new hive in its place, with the queen caged over the frames; and if the colony gets weak before the new bees hatch out, giving a frame of brood; or, in the absence of a laying queen, giving them a comb containing eggs only, from which to rear a queen. Friend D. makes the following objections to the plan:

You know my views on old bees as queen-nurses, and I think the same holds good here, and that this is almost the poorest plan given for making swarms. I know that they will bring lots of honey, for that is the instinct of old bees. If you had said, give this frame of brood when the swarm was made, I should have scarcely any objection.

In view of the above, I have altered my instructions a little; but I supposed it was to be understood, that where a queen was to be reared, I did not expect much of a colony until she commenced to lay; and I have then given directions to build the colony up full with combs of hatching brood. As a matter of economy, I would not make any colony a full one until they have a laying queen. In moving old stocks in swarming time, I have always found plenty of young bees in the new hive, of what I should consider just the best age for queen-rearing,-those, for instance, just bringing in their first loads of pollen.

HOW TO REAR QUEENS.

The first-hatched queen will destroy all remaining quecu-cells, providing it is not in the height of a flow of honey. If it is, our experience is, they will swarm instead. For my views on this, see A. B. J. for Oct., 1880-Doolittle's article.

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ods I have given. It seems to me, friend D. and our good friend Prof. Cook too have been a little thoughtless in their condemnation of all queens sold for a dollar, as if they were necessarily inferior on that account.especially after the great numbers of great yields that have been reported from the progeny of queens that were purchased for a dollar, and in the hands of A B C scholars at that, but it is possible that those reared from natural swarming will be better yet, other things being the same; and let us by all D. can supply the demand for such, even at means give the matter a fair test. If friend $3.00 each, we shall very soon have plenty of reports from them.

BASSWOOD.

In a period of 12 years, I have never known bass

wood to fail to yield honey,-the very shortest season yielding 4 days, and the longest 20. I place basswood at the head of all honey-producing trees or plants as to yield. From it I once obtained 66 lbs. in 3 days, from one hive.

In speaking of our cut of the basswood, friend D. says:

This is a picture of which you may well be proud; for a better picture to convey to the mind just what basswood is, was never executed.

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If I understand you correctly here, you and I do not agree at all. I never pulled the blossoms from a head of red clover yet, but that there was honey in them. But I have frequently found the corolla so

The reference to the article on queen-rear-long the bee could not touch the honey, Ithink ing is, I presume, in regard to friend D.'s there is nothing in the world that secretes as much position that queens reared under the swarm-honey, year after year, as red clover; still, it is of ing impulse, are better than those reared in little use except to the bumble-bee. the manner I have given. If this were the case, should not apiaries managed on the natural-swarming principle, produce superior queens? There are plenty who have followed the latter plan all their lives, but I do not learn they have more honey to sell, than those who have made their swarms and reared their queens according to the meth-gathering honey.

In our locality, the red clover certainly contains no honey, perceptibly, some seasons. I am always in the habit of plucking the heads and sucking out the nectar, whenever I find them in bloom; and whenever I can squeeze out quite large globules, I always, so far as I can recollect, find the bees

THE ORIGIN OF HONEY-DEW.

THE following interesting article in regard to honey-dew is translated for our columns by our proof-reader, from Der Alsasich Bienen-Züchter (a bee journal printed in Sarreguimines, Alsace, lately ceded to Prussia by France.)

Not long ago, as I was taking a walk one afternoon in a certain neighborhood, I came to a beefarm. Our conversation naturally turned upon our pets, and the bad honey season we had just had.

"No more honey-dew falls down here from heaven," remarked my colleague; "and so our bees must die off by little and little."

"Neither from the bright starry heavens nor from the clouds does the honey-dew fall," I remarked. "It is simply the product of certain plants and trees;

but for leaf-lice. The latter lick up the sap voraciously, and spirt it out. From this a fine dust or

honey rain originates, and which the air spreads all around the vicinity. When certain plants and trees do not of themselves yield sweet sap, one can often see a bunch of leaf lice and other kinds sitting on the buds and blossoms, in order to puncture them

and suck the sap from the wounds and pores, and exude it again as sweet excrement. This dirt-mingled sweetness is also gathered by the bees, and forms the so-called leaf-louse honey; but this is such a poor quality that the bees, as soon as obliged to use it for winter food, become stricken with dysentery."

Bee Entomology,

direct, when they exude sweet sap, or indirect when Or Enemies of Bees Among Insect Tribes.

licked up by lice and excreted from their bodies." But this answer did not satisfy my friend.

us by friend Cook, and will doubtless be interesting to many who are study

"With my own eyes," said he, "have, I seen honey-E following is a correspondence sent threads floating in the air; and with my own tongue have I, even when a boy, licked honey-dew from the leaves of the trees of the forest."

"And why not from the tiles of the roof?" I rejoined. "These must drip with honey-dew as soon as it falls from a clear sky."

"Mildew originates in the air also," he said; "and why can it not as well be the case with honey-dew?" Whereupon I remarked, "Not in the air, but by the air-that is, by the change in the temperature of the air, the bitter, sticky dew originates on the hopleaves and other vegetables, and sweet dew on the pine, larch, linden, oak, willow, ash, plum, maple, mulberry, etc. Honey is not a volatile substance, like water, and therefore can not change its form by becoming mixed with the air and falling again from the sky. A thousand observations prove that honeydew is self-formative when plants and trees, in consequence of warm and damp weather, are very full of sap-shoots, and when the temperature, through the influence of the weather, thunderstorms, or gales, becomes suddenly lowered. By these means the ascending sap becomes suddenly hardened, and starts back; it then presses through the pores of the buds and leaves, and covers them. So long, then, as fine weather continues, and the morning dew falls, the moist honey-sap will trickle from the leaves. Toward noon the sweetness is somewhat stronger, and the falling drops form long honeythreads, which the currents of air cause to float around like gossamer. These honey-threads are especially noticeable in the vicinity of pine and larch forests. The bees eagerly suck up the sweet, exuded sap, carry it to their hives, and prepare there from a good honey; especially when they have aromatic blossom-honey to mingle with it. Pine honey, however, has a flavor of turpentine. To this exuded honey the air conveys a quantity of fungus, forming a hatching-place, and thus mildew is occasioned; hence the saying, " Mildew falls from the air."

"But when a heavy honey-dew falls," interrupted my friend, "the grass in the forest, as well as that in the vicinity, is covered with honey. I remember that once my shoes were all sticky and shiny from this cause. From whence, now, was this honey?"

"The sweet saps, which the shrubs and trees exude," I replied, "are not only brooding-places for varlous species of fungi, carried there by the wind, but they afford feasts, not only for the bees alone,

ing our bee enemies.

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Your kind reply to my letter, sending the bee, was duly received. I have not yet found any more of the same species; or, at least, have not been able specimen I can capture. In regard to the manner to catch them. I will send you the first perfect in which he kills the bees, I would say, he would alight at the entrance, and when the bees would “go for him," he seemed to bend his body in (much in the same way a honey-bee prepares to sting), thereby crushing the mass of bees attacking him.

THE THIEVING HONEY-BEETLE.

I send you to-day five or six beetles which I found trying to force their way into one of my hives. The bees kept them out to-day, but could do them no injury. A few days ago I found one of the same fellows inside on the comb among the bees and honey. He had cleaned out the cell where I found him, and I do not know how many more. If you will give me any information through GLEANINGS, it will be appreciated. F. N. WILDER.

Forsyth, Ga., April 26, 1880.

The handsome beetle sent by Mr. Wilder is Euryʊmia sepulchralis, Lac. Its broad form-it is seven millimeters (1⁄4 inch) broad, and only eleven (7-16 in.) long-short, lamellate antennæ, and short, fossorial legs, at once indicate its family relation to the May beetle, Lachnosterna fusca. This large and interesting family is named, from the Greek for beetle, Scarabaida. The very convex, triangular thorax, and short wing-covers point at once to the genus Euryomia. Euryomia inda, a somewhat larger beetle of very much the same form, is quite common in the Northern States; and when seen flying in the spring or autumn, is often mistaken by the novice for a bumble-bee. This latter beetle also has a refined taste, as it is not uncommon to find it buried in some luscious peach or mellow fall-pippin. The Euryomia sepulchralis is of a dark brown color. Across the elytra, or wing-covers, are several dots and short, wavy, transverse lines of gray, while on

the truncated abdomen, back of each wing-cover, is a prominent reddish-brown spot. The entire body is thickly set with punctures, and short, light-gray hairs. From the habits of the E. inda we are not surprised to learn that this near relative has a "sweet tooth" that has tempted him to this larceny. It is to be hoped that his conscience will cause him to desist, as his natural coat of mail will make him fearless, even of the bee's formidable spear; and his size will make it difficult to shut him from the hive. For the present, we will rest his case. Lansing, Mich.

A. J. COOK.

My bees for the past month have suffered considerably, from the depredations of the mosquitohawk (Libellula.) It makes its appearance about my apiary late in the evening, and continues until nearly dark. With long willow switches my little children bring down scores of this most terrible enemy to our little industrious pets of the hive. These insects are mostly found near ponds of water, on marshy lands, and low, damp lands. They lay their eggs in the water by a peculiar dipping motion, and always while in the act of copulation. The manner of meeting between the sexes is different from all other insects that I have ever witnessed. The female gathers the tail of the male in her strong jaws, and holds fast for a long time. In this position they fly just above the water, the female frequently dip ping her tail in the water by an under curve of her long abdomen, and, I suppose, she deposits an egg in this operation. I now have a young one that has just winged out, for examination. I will try to catch two while meeting, and will send to Prof. Cook for dissection, to see if I am right in regard to the manner in which they copulate. They are here by the thousand, and destroy great quantities of

bees.

I see, in Nov. No. of GLEANINGS, a description of a bee-eater, by Wm. Duke, of Kansas. From the description, I suppose it is the Mantis religiosa, commonly called "Devil's horse" and "Rear horse." This species has a pair of legs in front, resembling a person's hands when folded in prayer, and is frequently called the "praying mantis." The word mantis signifies prophet; hence we have "religious prophet." I should not think that he had much religion about him, for I am sure he never follows the golden rule, “do unto others as you would have others do unto you." He is a great scavenger; and, so long as he will stay in my orchard and let my bees alone we will be friends, for he is king among insects, making a meal of any other insect that comes in his way, when hungry. She lays her eggs in a close, compact row, like the roof of a house, on

apple and peach limbs, which hatch in the spring. Spare the good prophet if you can.

B. F. CARRoll. Dresden, Navarro Co., Tex., Oct 30, 1880.

Among early flowering bulbs, the little grape hyacinth is visited the most. Crocuses, single and double hyacinths, some; many others, such as tulips, not at all. The bees work on nearly all peren

nial and biennial flowers. Pansies and sweet-williams are their favorites. Among the annuals, the Phacelia congesta, a little blue flower, and a very clean, neat border plant, beats every thing I have had so far. It is more than equal to the sweet clover; begins to bloom earlier, stands the hottest weather, and the bees fairly swarm on it from early morning till dark; and, after several light frosts, next come portulacas and resedas. Spider plant I don't like; it takes too much ground for the amount of bloom, allowing only one plant to grow. The body was as thick as my arm, five feet high or over. It stood in front of some hives, and the bees did not notice it till it had formed seed-pods from first blossoms, and I had stuck a few bees on the drops of sweetness. I don't think it is worth the ground it takes up. Bees prefer to work on flowers where it takes more work in getting to it. Last March my bees would go into the pump spout for water when they had a trough filled with corncobs and clean water before them; and on our sidewalk are two sugar maples, out of which the sugar-water came pouring from little holes the woodpeckers had made, so that the bark of the trees turned black, and the gravel around the maple-tree was wet; but not a bee would go on it, as bad as they wanted water. As soon as I rubbed the woodpecker holes around the trees full of candied honey, my bees began to swarm on it as long and as often as the sap ran, so that people got afraid to walk or drive past near the walk.

I introduced two Cyprian queens to two extra good Italian hybrids in October, and in one week all available room was full of brood, while none of the other stocks had any. I am very anxious to see their working qualities next season.

GEO. L. HOLLENBACH.

Noblesville, Ind., Dec. 1, 1880.

May I take the liberty to suggest, that some of your ideas are a little unusual, friend H.? Our bees certainly prefer to work where they can get the honey the easiest; and a comb of unsealed honey, left carelessly outside the hive, seems to be the greatest temptation to them, of any thing I know of, because it is so easy to get the honey. We find it the same with the Spider plant; but when there is only one single plant, and that right before the hive, I am not at all surprised to learn they never found it. Some of our friends have laid bunches of grapes on the hives, and because the bees did not attack them there, have decided they would not "eat grapes" at all. If I am correct, bees have to learn to get honey from any flower; and unless the flowers are in great profusion, say rods of them, or a whole tree full, they may miss them entirely

EXPERIMENTS WITH HONEY-BEAR- for a whole season. After the bees get

T

ING PLANTS.

HE past summer I experimented with about 40 varieties of annual garden flowers, to find out which bees work on most so as to produce pasture, and be an ornament to the garden. We also had already quite a variety of perennials, bulbs, and flowering shrubs. The bees work more or less on nearly all flowers except roses, deutzias, honeysuckles, lilacs, and a good many other shrubs.

started on a plant, just as they did on those maple-trees, it is a pretty hard matter to stop them. After they once get to robbing a hive, it sometimes seems as if nothing short of inch boards would hold them at bay. At such times they will puncture grapes and strip the vines; yet we have but a few cases on record where they have got so crazy about it as to do this. It was just so with your watering-place. They had not got accus

tomed to going there.-In our locality, phacelia is but an indifferent honey-plant. I should not want to waste time on any plant exclusively for honey, unless it yielded honey so the drops were visible to the eye. Please accept thanks for your report, friend H.

BEE-STINGS AND RHEUMATISM.

I have never

age, 25 swarms of bees in my cellar. lost a swarm in wintering in this way. I put them in, usually, about the 20th of Nov., and put them out from the 10th to the 20th of March-never giving them a fly during that time. My cellar is dry,

and cemented on sides and bottom-frost-proof, and kept so dark that it is the "blackness of darkness." For an illustration: I once lost my light and points of compass at the same time, in this cellar, and, after feeling around and not making any headway, HEN you published my inquiries concerning rather than to bark my shins against the butter-firrheumatism and bee-stings, I hoped to re-kin, pickle-jar, wash-tub, and so on, all of which I ceive at least five hundred replies; but only 17 have responded, and of that number, two claim to have been entirely cured, and one somewhat relieved.

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Mr. John C. Greenleaf, New Boston, Mass., age 31 years, engaged in bee culture 5 years, had rheumatism prior to handling bees, but is relieved entirely. He receives three or four stings a week.

Mr. C. H. Chapman, Easthampton, Mass., age 48 years, has been in bee business 3 years, and had rheumatism prior to handling bees, but received complete relief in six months afterward. He was badly afflicted in one shoulder and arm.

Mr. W. C. Hutchinson, Acton, Ind., age 37 years, engaged in bee culture 7 years, had rheumatism prior to handling bees, but no severe attack since.

Two report having contracted the disease after engaging in bee culture, and received no benefit from stings; two had it previous to handling bees, and likewise received no benefit from stings, and the others never had rheumatism.

I can not accept your theory, that the benefit, if any, from the virus of the bee, is merely that of a counter-irritant, for that it does have a peculiar effect on the blood is seen in the non-poisonous effect of the stings on those who have been often stung. Such care very little more for stings than for mosquito bites. The investigation so far is too meager to prove any thing, and I shall try again. Otwell, Ind., Dec. 6, '80.

W. W. LEMMON.

would be pretty sure to find, I cried out, for once in my life, for "light from above." Parenthetically, let me say, there was no cider in the cellar, to the best of my knowledge and belief!

I recollect that, some time last winter, a gentleman-I think his name is A. I. Root (some of you may know him), asked how bees were wintering in cellars, and seemed to fear great loss from bees getting uneasy, as the weather was warm and changeable. No one, I think, answered the inquiry. It was an important question, and should have been answered by all keeping bees in this way. I will answer now though late: My bees were never more quiet, or wintered better, than last winter-eating but little of their stores. The reason is plain enough. If your cellar is completely protected from the severest cold, it is just as well protected from sudden heat; and, although the warm weather may hold for some time, yet the change is so gradual, the bees do not mind it. Now, a few words with my chaff-wintering friends.

Of all the chaff hives I have seen, I think our friend Novice's is as good, if not the best, yet brought out. They are just the thing for springing and summering bees, and then I can just pick them up in the fall and put them in my cellar without fussing as I do now with some of mine by placing rye-straw mats around and over them, besides fine hay or leaves on top. Yes, I rather like a chaff hive. I've several of them, and I'm always careful to put

I too, friend L., can not accept my former them in the cellar. Try it. theory, after the evidence that has been brought forward. I am more rejoiced than I can well tell you, that there seems now very good evidence that bee-stings may indeed exert a curative effect in some cases of rheumatism; and who knows if they may not also do the same with many other diseases? I do not draw this inference from the cases above alone, but from letters that will be found elsewhere in this and other numbers.

CELLAR WINTERING,

IN WHICH OUR FRIEND MERRYBANKS IS UNJUSTLY

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ACCUSED.

RIEND NOVICE:-I rise to say, that, having read many of the discussions in the bee conventions on wintering bees, and also many communications recently, from different ones in our bee journals, one would almost think, from the conclusions reached, that wintering outdoors in chaff in some form, is the correct thing to do. We hold, that any protection is better than none; and, by the same comity of reasoning, the nearer we come to complete protection, the better the way. Now, for a few hard facts and reasons.

For about ten years I have wintered, on an aver

See where he comes, with his old nag! Perched up on a small cargo of dry-goods boxes, is our old, honest, moon-faced friend, Mr. Merrybanks (see GLEANINGS.) He has about one-fourth the number of boxes he wants for his 50 hives of bees, when all together. What a pile! Mr. Merrybanks is always alert and abreast with the times; don't believe in exhausting his natural forces, consequently will not carry his bees in and out of the cellar any more. Oh no! Mr. Merrybanks last fall took only a day for himself and mag to go to one of his neighbors to get a load of chaff (no work, you know), and store it away; and now he is ready for business. Mr. Merrybanks pours about three or four inches of chaff in his store box, picks up his hive, and sets in said box; bores a hole, and puts in a spout, or something for passage for bees; puts in more chaff, pressing it down until full, and then puts on the cover. Mr. M. soliloquizes: "Let's see. About how many hives could I have picked up and put into my cellar while I have been fixing this one? Just look at that lid! I hadn't thought; that cover will leak; just look at the cracks! By jiminny!" Don't swear, Mr. Merrybanks. "Oh! I never do. But I'd like to say something strong, all the same. It will take me an hour to fix the thing decently." Then Mr. Merrybanks has another happy idea-just the thing, you know. So he gets a big box, big enough to hold four hives;

puts in entrances on each side; puts in chaff and hives, and finishes up packing as in the other case; scats himself on a hive, and, soliloquizing, viewing his work,-"Merrybanks, you're a ‘brick;' you are an inventor; four to one box: almost as quickly done as the other. That's business, and--and--ingenuity (that's the word) combined. But, it does seem as though I never saw so many knot-holes and cracks in a box before, in all my life. The cover has just as many cracks as the other, and longer too. And then, I can't say that it is a pretty thing to look at. I guess not! And what will my wife say? 'Mr. Merrybanks, dear, what building are you erecting? a pig-pen, eh? and right in the middle of your pretty bee-yard?' Oh, oh! call that invention a pig-pen! And then, what if Root, A. I., should visit you? They say he has an eye for the beautiful.' So much the worse for his eye! And then, how would a whole yard of them look? My! It would be just my destiny! Some insurance agent or lightning-rod man would be always scenting a job; that settles it, Mr. Merrybanks. Now, Merry banks, let us reason a little about this wintering business." [Mr. Merrybanks reasons.] "Suppose a winter as warm as the last, bees outdoors in chaff hives would be likely to fly as often as once in two weeks. This must exhaust their stores badly; while in the cellar the opposite would be the result. Score one for cellar. If the winter was extremely cold, nearly the same result would follow. Score two for cellar. And as the difference in consumption of honey between wintering outdoors and wintering in a good cellar is anywhere up to 6 lbs., we'll say 3 lbs. per hive in favor of cellar; and honey at 12c per lb., gives 372c; and 50 hives gives $18.75, which would give me enough to pay for the labor of putting my bees into the cellar for twenty years." And the last we heard of Mr.

Merrybanks' soliloquy, as he turned a corner of the honey-house, was, "I've been a simpleton, but I've got a good many close connections."

Amboy, Lee Co., Ill., Nov. 8, '80. R. H. MELLEN.

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RAMBLE NO. 1.

AT THE COUNTY FAIR.

E frequently find a leisure moment to get away from our home duties, my wife and I, and at such times we make a flying visit to some relative or friend or bee-keeper; and now it refreshes us to get away from the daily routine of home life, and talk potatoes and cheese, and the prospect of prices for these two great productions of our county! In giving our experiences in our rambles in the interests of bee-keeping, we will first ramble to our county fair.

reserved for a cheap dog-show, for which the committee on rentals received a fee; so the dogs took the preference, and the bee-keeping industry was put behind a ready-made-clothing tent and another show. We pocketed our disappointment, and made the best of our poor location; and though the crowd did not find us, the bee-keeping fraternity were around us more or less during the four days of the fair. Our show consisted of comb and extracted honey, and all appliances used in the apiary, and three swarms of bees. The latter were in an inclosure of wire cloth, open at the top, and could be seen at work at all hours of the day, and people could see us handle them. Our one-frame observation hive attracted a great deal of attention. The queen and her subjects were a great curiosity to those who ordinarily dare not approach a hive of bees. We came across some of our peculiar friends here, who were skeptical in relation to queens and drones; and our friend who believed the drones laid the eggs and then sat on them until they hatched had his theory somewhat disturbed by seeing the queen deposit eggs especially for his benefit.

Our extractor, foundation machine, and smokers, called forth an unusual amount of questions, both serious and comic. Our show enabled us to give much information to the public at large about bees and honey. We found our bee-keeping friends ready to lend a helping hand, and Mr. Harris, of Sandy Hill, made quite a display of bees and honey. Whenever we have become acquainted with beekeepers in our own and adjoining counties, we find them very hospitable. We will try to ramble to some of their homes, and tell you of their bees and methods of raising honey. JOHN H. MARTIN.

Hartford, N. Y., Dec. 2, 1880.

May I venture one suggestion, friend M.? Much complaint has been made of the unfairness of officers at the fairs. While I am about it, I might as well add, that I am one of the complaining kind myself,-perhaps at conventions as well as fairs; but I am going to try hard to get over and out of it. Well, I would make a bargain with the managers, beforehand; and if you want the best locality, pay for it too. You should be able to sell honey enough, and other things, to pay all expenses. If I am correct, I had my choice of location at our last county fair, and paid $14.00 for the same; but I had a very large stand. If good people, representing good, wholesome industries, would take these eligible points, there would be less of the swindling and wheel-of-fortune work at our county fairs. A man offered $50.00 for the privilege of selling beer on our fairgrounds, and he came pretty near getting it, We have exhibited nearly every year at our annual because the association was behind, and fair; and owing to this fact the premiums have been short of funds. If one or two (I do not know but I might have said only one) of our increased from $2.00 to $25.00. This year I was in- staunch temperance and Sunday-school men duced, by the promise of a good central location, to had stayed at home, just that day, the beermake a grand show on my own hook and under my vender would have had it, and we should own canvas; so, after ample preparation, James have had such a scene with the boys of our and I hitched old Billy to the load and bid farewell village as they did in a neighboring town to wax, becs, and honey, and off we started for the where beer was sold on the fair-grounds. fair. Our better half sent her old shoe after us, and Shall we not go to the fairs, and carry our waved her gingham. apron while we passed down things and our influence too? I presume it our "Linden Avenue." When we reached the fair-will be safe to say the same of conventions; grounds, we came to the painful realization of the yes, and I think, while we are about it, we uncertainty of the word of the managers of a county might (or I might) promise not to get offair. The good central location I was promised was fended.

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