SCIENTIFIC AND LITERARY INTELLIGENCE.

THE EMPORIUM OF ARTS AND SCIENCES.-Several numbers of a new series of this work have appeared in Philadelphia. The present editor is Mr. Thomas Cooper, Professor of Chymistry, &c. in Dickenson College. The talents and information of this gentleman are calculated to render this work highly useful both to manufacturers and men of mere theory. The form of the work is altered from a monthly publication to a larger size, which appears every two months The chief contents of the numbers of the present series already published, are several papers written by the editor, purporting to be treatises on several of the most interesting branches of the useful manufactures, and their auxiliary machines. We cannot help thinking the editor is treading on dangerous ground in attempting to compress systematic articles of this kind into the limits of a periodical publication, and might have been more useful in merely publishing such part of his articles as is new, or scarce and difficult to be procured The bulk of the articles will prevent their be ing read for mere amusement; and the mixture of old and well known processes will render them heavy and uninteresting to the adept. Still, however, they con tair a mass of information, which is extremely valuable from its compression and the list of authorities which is given The other papers, on miscellaneous subjects, are. on the whole, well drawn up, although a few inaccuracies occur, and the whole work is well deserving of the public favour. R.

BRUCE'S JOURNAL-We are happy to notice the publication of a fourth nume ber of the American Mineralogical Journal, y Archibald Bruce, MD of NewYork This work, which is principally devoted to the development of the mineralogy of this country, and the promotion of general and local mineralogical information, has been perused with great interest and approbation b, the scientific circles of Europe. The vast and varied tracts of natural history in this country have as vet been but partially explored, and, perhaps, none so slightly as that of mineralogy. Naturalists, therefore, still look to it as, in some degree, a terra incognita, and hail with satisfaction all works like the present, which serve to throw any light on its almost untrodden regions. The present number completes the first volume, and contains, among other interesting articles, a paper on the geology and mineralogy of the Island of New-York, by Dr. Ake lv. Another on the minerals in the vicinity of Baltimore, by Robert Gilmore. jun Esq. and a third on some of the or of Titanium, discovered within the United States, v Dr. Bruce What we chiefly lament about this valuable work, is the extreme slowness of its growth: the present volume having been a very long time attaining its full size. It is obse ved, however, that those natural productions which are of slowest growth, are longest lived; if there be any analogy between those and the productions of the mind, we may augur to Dr Bruce's work an extreme and tenacious old age.

COLLES'S TELEGRAPH-It is with pleasure we learn that the attention of government has been attracted to the very simple and excellent telegranh of Mr. Colles. Orders have been received by him from the war department to have telegraphs erected at Sandy-Hook, the Narrows, and New-York, on experiment Mr. C. has improved his plan still further, and we have no doubt that it will yield the most perfect satisfaction.

BRITISH POETS.-Part of the manuscript of a new work, from the men of Thomas Campbell, autho» of the Pleasures of Hope, &c has been received, and is in the hands of Messrs. Eastburn, Kirk & Co. for publication This work will consist of selections from British poets, from the reign of "dward III to the present time, with critical and biographical notices. It is the fruit of a great deal of study and labour, and will present, in the compass of three octavo volumes, a general, and at the same time a luminous and critical view of the whole region of Briti h poetry, Something of the kind has been presented in Ellis's Specimens; but that work

comes down only to the end of the sixteenth century; whereas this will reach to the end of the eighteenth century, and will likewise contain more specimens from the stock of stering old petry. A work of this kind, executed by such a pen, has long been a desideratum in our literature; but is peculiarly desirable in this country, where every one is so engaged in the hurry of business as to have little of the quiet leisure necessary to extensive and critical research; and when also the collections of rare books and old authors are so scarce, as to afford but little access to those remote fountains of elegant literature.

E. J. Coale, of altimore, has in press Demetrius, a Russian romance.

A new poem has appeared in England, from the pen of Robert Southey, entitled Roderick, the Last of the Goths. It is expected shortly to be republished in this country.

REPORT OF THE PROGRESS OF CHYMISTRY.

[From the Monthly Magazine for November.]

Mr. Brande, the ingenious successor of Sir Humphrey Davy in the chymical chair at the Royal Institution, has read before the Royal Society a second paper on the state in which al ohol, or pure ardent spirit, exists in fermented liquors. It has been usually supposed that alcohol was a product of the process of distillation, and the experiments of Mr. B have been instituted with a view to ascertain the correctness or incorrectness of this opinion. He had previously concluded that any new arrange. ment of the ultimate elements of wine, which cou d occasion the formation of alcohol, would constantly be attended with other marks of decomposition, and that carbon would be deposited, or carbonic acid evolved; neither of which circumstances does actually take place. He has succeeded in showing that alcohol may be separated from wine without the intervention of heat, and that the same proportion may be thus procured as that yielded by distillation. His plan is as follows He first separates the colouring matter and the acid of the wine, by means of a concentrated solution of subacetate of lead, and then, by sub-carbonate o: potash, he finally disengages from it the alcohol. He answers the assertion, that a mixture of alcohol and water, in the same proportion in which it exists in wine, is much more intoxicating than the same quantity of wine itself, by proving that the union is incomplete; and he states also, that he acid and extractive matter blunt very much the real strength of the wine. Mr. B. therefore, again concludes, that the whole quantity of alcohol which is found after distillation, had actually pre-existed in the fermented liquor operated 07.

Mr. Gay-Lussac has now demonstrated that there are only three different oxides of iron which are perfectly distinct from each other; and that the various colours which some of them assume arise from their different states of aggregation The first oxide, which is white, and which is obtained whenever iron decomposes water by means of an acid, the acid not furnishing the oxygen by being itself also decomposed, consists of 190 parts of iron, and 28 of oxygen. The second oxide which is produced by burning iron in oxygen, or in atmospheric air, at a very elevated temperature, or where water is decomposed by iron without the an iliary presence of an acid, contains 38 per cent. of oxygen. This second oxide, when in a mass, is of a blackish gray colour, and when precipitated, is of a deep brown, but when very minutely di vided, it is green. It is also very magnetic. The third, the red oxide, is composed of 100 parts of iron and 42 parts of oxygen. In a natural state the white oxide does not exist, except in combination with carbonic acid.

The celebrated hypothesis of Sir Humphrey Davy, which assures that muriatic acid is a compound of chlorine and hydrogen, and not a compound, as has hitherto been supposed, of oxygen and some unknown base, is still unsanctioned by the opinions of many of our first chymists. Among these, professor Berzelius, of Stockholm, says, although it is difficult, experimentally, to demonstrate the incorrectness of Sir Humphrey's hypothesis, that, according to the very luminous doctrine of definite proportions, which was first given to the chymical world some years ago, by the celebrated Mr Dalton, of Manchester, and of the truth of which ir Humphrey himself, with e ery o her scientific chymist, entertains no doubt, there are many combinations of muriatic acid, which, if explained according to Davy's hypothesis, are quite inconsistent with well-ascertained chymical proportions At any rate, he at least thinks that all the facts at present known concerning muriatic acid and its combinations, may be equally well explained upon our old opinions.

THE LITERARY AND PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY OF

MANCHESTER.

This distinguished society has just published the second volume of its second series, containing, among others, the following papers:

An account of some Experiments to ascertain whether the Force of Steam be in proportion to the generating Heat, by John Sharpe, Esq.-Mr. Sharpe's experi ments have ascertained two things: hat water heats equably, or in the same time (supposing the heating cause the same) from 120 deg up to he highest temperature that it can reach without boil ng, (and that temperature depends upon the pressure.) Suppose, for example, that it is heated 10 deg. or from 120 deg. to 150 deg. in three minutes; it will be heated from 270 deg. to 280 deg in the same time. This is a very curious fact, and not easily explained, unless the thermometer is an inaccurate mea surer of heat 2 that six ounces of steam of 212 deg condensed into water, give out as much heat a six ounces of steam at the temperature 275 deg; but the second six ounces come over in a much shorter period ban the first. Therefore the density of stem at 212 deg is 150 times greater than at 32 deg; and its density at 15 deg. is twice as great as at 22 deg. Hence we have the specific gravity of steam at dif ferent temperatures as follows:

At 39 deg.

212

252

307

Sp. Grav.

0.0046

0.6896

1.3792

2.7584

This explains the elasticity of steam in a satisfactory manner, and brings it under the same law as common air, and all the other elastic fluids.

On Respiration and Animal Heat, by John Dalton, Esq -The phenomena of res piration described by Mr. Dalton in this paper, are as follows:-A portion of the oxyge of the air inspired disappears, and is replaced by an equal bulk of carbonic acid gas. he air expired is saturated with moisture, and its temperature is raised to about 98 deg so that respiration is the source of animal heat.

On the Measure of Moving Force, by Mr. Peter Ewart.-A question has long been agitated, whether mechanical force is to be measured by the mass multiplied into the velocity, or into he square of the velocity. The last of these opinions was adopted by Hooke and Huygens, in consequence of their observations on the motions of pendelums. It was also adopted by Smeaton, in consequence of his experiments on he mechanical action of water. Mr Ewart supports the opinion of Smea ton with great force of reasoning. The essay is remarkable for the extensive knowledge of the subject which the author displays, and for the great perspicuity of his reasoning, which is the consequence of this extensive knowledge. He gives a num. ber of examples, which he considers as inconsistent with the common notion, discusses these examples, and gives us a very full history of the opinions of mechanical writers on the subject

On the Theories of the Excitement of Galvanic Electricity, by William Henry, M. D F R. Sc.-Sir Humphrey Davy has given a theory of the galvanic energy, in which he conceives, that when the battery is composed of copper, zine, and solution of common salt, the zine becomes positive, and the copper negative; therefore the zinc attracts the oxygen and acid, which are negative; and the copper, the hydrogen and alkali, which are positive. But this equilibrium is immediately destroyed by the formation of muriate of zinc, and the evolution of hydrogen gas Hence the action of the zinc and copper is again repeated, and this goes on as long as the chymical action continues. Dr. Henry is also of opinion, that the primary excitement of electricity is owing to the chymical changes; but he conceives it to be essential to the activity of the battery, that one set of elements of the fluid should have no affinity for one of the metals. Thus, in the preceding example, the oxygen and the acid combine with the zinc; but the hydrogen and alkali, having no affinity for the cop. per, deposite a portion of their electricity on it, and thus the accumulation proceeds. He accounts for the evolution of the two constituents of a substance decomposed by the battery at the two poles, though at a distance from each other, by supposing a series of intermediate decompositions to go on Suppose water to be the substance decomposed, we may conceive a series of particles of water arranged between the two poles. An atom of oxygen gas escapes at the positive pole. The hydrogen pre viously combined with this atom, unites with the oxygen of the next particle of water; and this successive decomposition goes on till it reaches the negative pole, when the atom of hydrogen remaining, makes it escape in the form of gas.

Essays on the Sources of the Pleasures received from Literary Compositions, second edition, 8vo. pp. 390.

WHOEVER has had occasion to think much upon metaphysi cal subjects, knows the difficulty of expressing such thoughts to others. This arises frequently, no doubt, from a want of precision in the thoughts themselves, but frequently likewise from the deficiency of language. Languages were formed when men were hunters, fishers, warriors, husbandmen, any thing but metaphysi cians; and, as might therefore be expected, they furnish words for every thing rather than the faculties and operations of the mind, its properties, and the ways in which it is affected. When philosophers arose, who wished to turn the attention of their followers to such like subjects, they had no words to express themselves by, and were, therefore, reduced to the alternative of either inventing new words, or employing old ones in new senses. If we may judge from the present state of languages, they chose the VOL. III. New Series.

45

latter method, and finding, or fancying, some similarity between certain operations of body and mind, made use of the words which had been set apart for the former to express the latter. Thus, guiding themselves by analogies more or less whimsical, they spoke of apprehension, and comprehension, and conception, of taste and feeling, of weakness of mind and strength of judgment, of subtle reasonings, of sublime notions, and obscure arguments -pressing in this manner substantial forms into the world of shadows.

What uncertainty must arise from this accommodation of old words to new meanings is sufficiently evident. The word was familiar to the ear, and it was forgotten that it was used in an uncommon sense; the name was known, and so the necessary introduction of a definition was dispensed with. Thus, some have suffered themselves to be imposed upon; and some, it is to be feared, have been dishonest enough to impose upon others. We shrewdly suspect that, if some honest person would but take the trouble of expunging from Mr. Hume's metaphysical works a few magical words, and substituting for them others of a less familiar sound, some of his essays would wear a much less imposing shape than they do at present.

But if this inconvenience has been felt in the severer metaphysics, a study which only philosophers approach, who, by explaining their meaning, might tie down their words to a definite signi fication, in the metaphysics of taste it is much more to be dreaded. Here every one thinks himself a judge; every one has his feelings, and his taste, and his notions of what is beautiful, and grand, and pathetic; and as each man uses words in his own sense, the night-scenes in Macbeth, with some, are very pretty, and "Fluttering spread thy purple pinion" is highly sublime;till every thing is "confusion worse confounded." Hence, strange theories, contradictory opinions. One man uses words in the vague sense of the multitude; another mounts up to their etymon to get at their true meaning; and both are equally in the wrong. In venturing our opinion upon subjects such as those of which the work before us treats, we shall endeavour to use no word of the meaning of which we have not formed ourselves, and cannot give to our readers, a definite notion.

The first of these essays is "On the Improvement of Taste." By taste we would be understood to mean sensibility with respect to every thing that addresses itself to the imagination. That a diversity of tastes exists it would be ridiculous to go about to prove; and, in speaking of the improvement of taste, it is evident that we suppose some tastes to be better than others. A previous question, then, proposes itself at the very outset. How is it to be proved that one taste is better than another? or, in short,