leave to bring in a Bill to prevent the counterfeiting of Dollars or Tokens." FSt. James's Chronicle, 1804.]

Sic tranfit Gloria Nummi! R. R.

Alphabetical Lift of the principal Technical Terms introduced into the Purfuits of Architectural Innovation.

(Concluded from p. 526.) VARIATION. In our antient buildings, the variations in the Architecture are infinite, and it is curious to inveftigate the feveral ftyles introduced according to the age the changes have taken place, or additions made to the general works. Examples are rare to find the detached parts of a Caffle, or any of our Churches brought to a completion in one uniform defign; owing, in moft inftances, to the length of years they were under the workmen's hands, and each fucceeding Architect chufing to introduce the prevailing mode of his own hour, rather than carry on the original plan. Wishing, in the prefent

infiance, to confine our obfervations to Churches, we inftance Exeter and Salif bury cathedrals, and Weftminster abbey church, as the principal examples of regular defign. Of thofe confpicu eus for their variations, are Canter bury and Glocefter cathedrals, St. Mary Overy's, and St. Alban's churches. At Canterbury the older work is at the Eastern end in the Saxon manner, the Western end being fo low in the Archi tecture as the 16th century. At Gloeefter the older work is at the Weft, while at the Eaft the lines give the Pointed mode of late times. St. Mary Overy's, Saxon at the Weft, Pointed at the Eaft. St. Alban's, Saxon at the Weft, Pointed at the Eaft. Notwith fianding this changeful method of fiyles, Eaft and Weftward, it is evident, not alone from hiftoric affurances, but from profeffional experience, that the first fione was uniformly laid at the Eafern end; and in thofe e examples where the later modes are found at this part, the circumftance must have arifen from the original finishings there being found (from older degrees of workman fhip) in a flate of decay: hence it became neceffary to take down a certain portion in order to its being re-built; which, as before hinted, was never done by a proper restoration, but the Architecture

* in this bill should pals into a ffatute, I would recommend its title to be, An Act jør the difeœuragement of puffing.

of the times fet up in preference to that destroyed, and in contempt of that

which ftill remained.

Fariation in Ornaments. Our antient buildings, whether regular in defign, or full of variations, ftill their ornaments vary in the fmaller parts. Confining this remark to one decoration the Capital, refer to Wells cathedral; the variations there are endlefs, and beautiful in the extreme, although the mafs of each Capital is the fame. These ornamental variations were done certainly with an idea to afford a continual fuccellion of objects, fo as to engage the eye with fomething new at each renewed exploration of fuch delightful fubjects.

4

Vault. A chamber under ground, arched over-head, &c.

Veftry. A chamber in a church, where the vestments of the clergy and the uteufiis of the altar are kept. A grand one in Durham cathedral, lined with preffes, aubreys, and an altar, &c,

View. [Being the oppofite to Elevation.] Is the beholding an achitec tural object in perfpective, whereby the fronts, and fide faces, the horizontal returns over head, or below the eye, the diminishing appearance of every particular comes on the fight at one glance, without altering the pofition of the perfon thus engaged.

Vine leaf. Introduced in the friezes of our antient monuments, fcreens,

&c.

moderate and unnecellary thickness of the walls, the yawning joints, &c. Reflect on the frequent repairs of the South tranfept of late years, &c. To all other modern walls up to judg ment were below this firicture, their premature decay figning that decree of contempt to which they are fo jufily configned.

bric." ""

Warlike Inftruments. See Tapestry. Well for the Time. A cant word among fome Antiquaries, and nearly the whole tribe of profeffional men when difcuffing the merits of our antient ftructures. Thus the Weft, or fide fronts of a church, "Well for the time, but the door of entrance fhould not be in the centre, the mullions are too thick;""Thofe projecting chapels are nuifances endangering the whole faSpires are deformities if of old rearing up, but fhow charmingly, if new, and make an excellent job if permitted to be fuck on one or two ancient towers, which certain enthufiafts maintain ne ver were intended, or from the nature of their defign never could fupport fuch a load." "Thefe mouldings and ornaments want re-cutting to make them accord with the modern fluf, wire drawn way of embellishment." Down with thefe ftatues of Saints and Founders, they are fuperftitious things.' "Take thefe ftair-cafe turres from aur fight, flucco the whole face of this crinkle crankle chapel. This interior is Well for the time; but the nave is ufelefs, the choir-fcreen nft be perforated, framed and glazed; the fide ailes of the choir mut he frut out; the altar-fcreen removed, difiant windows darkened; the Lady Chapel luid into the choir; monuments, and tombs of Popish characters, torn up and thrown ow into the body of the building, or elfewhere." In fhort, Well for the time, thus contenined, infulted, and difgraced, that thofe who raifed our antient works now fleep in peace, and caunot behold the acts of those who trample on their memories and their labours, from no other caufe but that they were (continually we cry) natives of this land, and that we want employ ment, and we want fomething new. Well Bearing religious appellations, as St. Witburga, Eaft Deering, Norfolk, St. Patrifhew, near Crickhowel, Brecon, c. are generally found adjacent to the Weft fronts of churches, having the reputation of effecting many cures. Faith now-a-days goes not far in this,

left fuperftitious epithets bear down the credulous who might otherwife with to feek a remedy for their diforders in thele limpid refervoirs.

White-wash. The contemptible com mou expedient to beautify and render clean the interior of our antient churches, by obliterating the paintings on walls, damaging the ornaments, fla tues, tombs, &c. &

Wicket. A fmall door worked with in the pannels, and tracery of a large door filling in the opening of a gate of entrance, &c.

Windows. In our ancient Architec ture, they yet come before us in fpecimens innumerable, and through all ages. The Saxon Ayle gives the aircular head; the Norman, Pointed, or English ftyle, prefents the pointed head, feen at firft without mullions or tracery. In process of time the pointed windows difplayed coluimus, and fimple arches dividing their openings: af terwards the columns changed into mullions of various mouldings, diverging into forms of tracery endlefs and furprifing. The traceries ftill going on, their fweeping lines at length gave way to perpendicular divifions with pointed heads, and interfecing com munications. In conclufion, the various printed heads, mullions, and fweeps, fell under a depreflive fquare headed window, holding a few infignis ficant divifions of one or two mouldings, without any other veftige of their former greatnels and fplendour. So of the an tient works at large, a new Order of architectural things had arrived from soreign lands, overturning the long ens during reigns of our ancient ftyles, their triumphs were no more; general admiration ceafed to venerate, and alt was night. With us the architectural horizon has in fome fort begun to brighten once inore, in a few who are ftruggling to bring the remaining grand ftructures into notice by a publication of the Cathedrals, &c. but their attempts are weak, a barbarous modern profel, fional creation, called the Fantafic Or der (fee Fazlaftic) being too powerful an enemy for fuch endeavours, the firft being condemned as ufelefs and fu, perftitious; the fecond approved as ex hibiting the height of tafte and genius.

The mighty are fallen, the contempti, ble are rifing, thus runs the world away!

* A Continuation of the Architectural Proceedings at Westminster Abbey ·Church will be given in Auguf.

Mr.

Mr. URBAN, Baldock, July 20. THAT the wax with which the bees build their combs is produced between the folds of their bellies, few will deny. However, fhould any one not be fatisfied with bare affertion, he may very easily convince himfelf of the truth of it, by only taking a bee in the fummer feason, and, with the point of a penknife, he may very readily draw out the finall lamine of wax from between the fcales of the under-part of their bodies, and if he collects a few of these and makes trial of them, he

pofe of importing their combs, I could with pleature obferve them flip their hind legs down their bodies, and dex troufly draw out a final lamina of wax, which they very nimbly convey. to the first pair of joints belonging to the probofcis or nippers, and after paffing it round a few times between thofe apparatus, it is then applied to the purpofe of architecture. This I have frequently obferved at my leifure moments; but they are fo very quick in their motions, that a perfon muft be very attentive to obferve thein;

times thefe lamine

will in

creafe to fuch a fize as to protrade beyond the outer extremity of the feales, and then the bee appears as if heavy laden this appears to have been the cafe with the bee which Mr. Thorley obferved going into one of his hives, and which he caught, and upon ex amination found it to have fix pieces of folid wax between the plaits of its belly; here I have found it," fays he, "at other times, and once I took away eight pieces together, and I knew it was wax, and nothing elle." But Bonner combats thefe opinions, and thinks, from the rarenefs of fuch cales, it would be abfurd to fuppofe that all the wax which the combs are made of is carried into the hive in this manner. Yet, had Bonner paid that attention to bees as he in his writings would fain make us believe, furely fuch an engaging fubject as this could not have wholly efcaped his notice. But, when we confider under what difadvantages this gentleman made his experiments on these infects, we need not wonder that he did not difcover what others have done, who use glafs hives; he only using the common hives. His conjecture, as to the production of wax, is both ingenious and fatisfac &ory; but he does not mention from what part it is fecreted. In the Phil. Tranf. vol. 82. Dr. Hunter has given an account of the bee (apis mellifica), where he fays, "the wax is an external fecretion from the body of the bee, and dilcoverable between each of the fcales of the under fide of its belly."

Now, after faying thus much on the fubject, I will just remark what I have oblerved among my own bees; for, during this funner, I have pa doar ticular attention to one of my co on es, whic his in boxes with glass backs; and while they were building aga f the glats of one of the boxes, for the pur

perform this, as they fometimes do, you then have a distinct view of them, and may with eafe obferve them draw forth the wax; and as foon as they have done this, they will return to ap-* plying it to the combs, and after a confiderable time the fime bee will be feen attempting to draw out another lamina. Hence it appears thats every bee (I mean the neuters) uses its' own way; and when its flock is exhaufted it leaves off building, and either goes to the collecting of honey, or polifhes the work it has already begun, till Nature fupplies it with more, when it again refines its former labour. Infignificant as thefe infects may appear in the eyes of fome, yet to a philofophic mind they must excite wonder and admiration, particularly in the confruction of their cells, the apertures of which are true hexagonal figures, a figure bed adapted to the purpose in-. tended, both for economy and neatnefs. Who could have taught ther the higher geometry, in determining marina and minima ? Nought but God alone! who difpenfes knowledge to the meaneft infect, that man with all his fagacity can never arrive at.

P. S. 1 may inform Fidelis, page 319, that what Philomeliffus nieans by an imp, is what the cottager calls an eke. Their method of making an imp or an eke is, to cut a large hole in the crown of an old hive, and fet the hive of bees which want additional room upon this'eke.

No perton that keeps bees fhould be without ekes, and should have them of different depths, with boarded or barred tops to them, as they are very afefal to put under occafionally. The fame may be done for boxes.

In the drawing of Hadley's Quadrant, the line PB is not drawn right; and, p. 515 14. and 7, inflead of 2 SBEJ read SC B.

T. S.