A stomachful boy, put to school, the whole world could not bring to pronounce the first letter. L'Estrange.

The lion began to show his teeth, and to stomach the affront. Id. Id.

The very trade went against his stomach.

rather than they will bend.

Id.

This sort of crying proceeding from pride, obstinacy, and stomach, the will where the fault lies, must be bent.

Locke.

STOMACHICS are medicines that strengthen the stomach and promote digestion, &c. Stomachic corroboratives are such as strengthen the tone of the stomach and intestines; among which are carminatives, as the roots of galangals, red

Not courage, but stomach, that makes people break gentian, zedoary, pimpinella, calamus aromaticus, and arum. Of barks and rinds, those of canella alba, sassafras, citrons, Seville and China oranges, &c. Of spices, pepper, ginger, cloves, cinnamon, cardamums, and mace. All these will be found occasionally useful, but the best of all corroboratives, according to the new system of medicine, are air, exercise, and fresh animal food; which last, when the stomach is too weak to digest it in a solid form, should be given in the form of beef tea or veal or chicken broth.

Obstinate or stomachful crying should not be permitted, because it is another way of encouraging those passions which 'tis our business to subdue. Id. This filthy simile, this beastly line, Quite turns my stomach.

Pope.

By a catarrh the stomachical ferment is vitiated. Floyer. STOMACH, in anatomy, is a membraneous receptacle, situated in the epigastric region, which receives the food from the esophagus; its figure is somewhat oblong and round: it is largest on the left side, and gradually diminishes towards its lower orifice, where it is the least. Its superior orifice, where the esophagus terminates, is called the cardia; the inferior orifice, where the intestine begins, the pylorus. The anterior surface is turned towards the abdominal muscles, and the posterior opposite the lumbar vertebræ. It has two curvatures: the first is called the great curvature of the stomach, and extends downwards from one orifice to the other, having the omentum adhering to it; the second is the small curvature, which is also between both orifices, but superiorly and posteriorly. The stomach, like the intestinal canal, is composed of three coats, or membranes: 1. The outermost, which is very firm, and from the peritonæum. 2. The muscular, which is very thick, and composed of various muscular fibres; and, 3. The innermost, or villous coat, which is covered with exhaling and inhaling vessels, and mucous. These coats are connected together by cellular membrane. The glands of the stomach which separate the mucous are situated between the villous and muscular coat, in the cellular structure. The arteries of the stomach come chiefly from the cœliac artery, and are distinguished into the coronary, gastro-epiploic, and short arteries; they are accompanied by veins which have similar names, and which terminate in the vena porta. The nerves of the stomach are very numerous, and come from the eighth pair and intercostal nerves. The lymphatic vessels are distributed throughout the whole substance, and proceed immediately to the thoracic duct. The use of the stomach is to excite hunger and partly thirst, to receive the food from the esophagus, and to retain it, till, by the motion of the stomach, the admixture of various fluids, and many other changes, it is rendered fit to pass the right orifice of the stomach, and afford chyle to the intestines. See ANATOMY, Index.

STOMACHICA PASSIO, a disorder in which there is an aversion to food; even the thought of it begets a nausea, anxiety, cardialgia, an effusion of saliva, and often a vomiting. Fasting is more tolerable than eating; if obliged to eat, a pain follows that is worse than hunger itself.

STOND, n. s. For stand.
Obsolete.

Post; station.

On the other side, the assieged castle's ward
Their stedfast stonds did mightily maintain. Spenser.
There be not stonds nor restiveness in a man's na-

ture; but the wheels of his mind keep way with the
wheels of his fortune.
Bacon's Essays.

STONE, n. s., adj., & v. a.
STONE CROP, n. s.
STONE CUTTER,
STONE FRUIT,
STONE HORSE,
STONE PIT,
STONE PITCH,
STONE WORK,
STO NINESS,
STONY, adj.

Saxon ran;

Gothic stain;

Belgic steen; Swedish sten; Teut. stein. A body insipid, hard, not duetile or malleable, nor soluble in Jwater.-Wood

ward. A piece of building stone; a monument;
agem; a calculous secretion; the disease arising
therefrom; the case of certain seeds; testicle; a
weight (for which a stone was formerly used); a
state of insensibility: to leave no stone un-
turned' is to do all we can to produce an effect:
stone, adjective, is made of stone: to stone, to
pelt; beat; kill with stones; also to harden: a
stonecrop is a kind of tree: a stone-cutter, one
whose trade is to hew or cut stones: stonefruit,
that which contains a stone: stonehorse, a horse
not castrated: stonepit a quarry: stonepitch,
hard inspissated pitch; the other noun substan-
tives and the adjectives correspond.

These people be almost ready to stone me.
Exod. xvii. 4.

Now let the stony dart of senseless cold
Pierce to my heart and pass through every side.
Spenser.

The stony hardness of too many patrons' hearts,
Hooker.
not touched with any feeling in this case.
Eight yards of uneven ground is threescore and
ten miles a-foot with me, and the stony hearted vil-
lains know it.
Shakspeare.

Oh perjured woman! thou dost stone my heart;
And mak'st me call what I intend to do

A murder, which I thought a sacrifice. Id. Othello.
I thought I saw

Inestimable stones, unvalued jewels.
Wedges of gold, great anchors, heaps of pearl,

Id. Richard III.

With love's light wings did I o'erperch these
walls;

For stony limits cannot hold love out.
Id. Rome and Juliet.

What need you be so boisterous rough? I will not struggle, I will stand stone still.

Id. King John.
The Egyptian mummies are reported to be as hard
as stonepitch.
Bacon's Natural History.
To make fruits without core or stone is a curiosity.

Bacon.
The English used the stones to reinforce the pier.
Hayward.

Five sharp smooth stones from the next brook he chose,

And fits them to his sling.

Cowley.
He hath some stonyness at the bottom. Hammond.
Nor slept the winds

Within their stony caves, but rushed abroad
From the four hinges of the world, and fell
On the vext wilderness, whose tallest pines,
Though rooted deep as high and sturdiest oaks,
Bowed their stiff necks, loaden with stormy blasts,
Or torn up sheer. Milton's Paradise Regained.
From the stony Mænalus

Bring your flocks, and live with us.

Milton.

And there lies Whacum by my side,
Stone dead, and in his own blood dyed. Hudibras.

Women, that left no stone unturned

In which the cause might be concerned,
Brought in their childrens' spoons and whistles,
To purchase swords, carbines, and pistols. Id.
We gathered ripe apricocks and ripe plums upon
one tree, from which we expect some other sorts of
stonefruit.
Boyle.

A specifick remedy for preventing of the stone,
I take to be the constant use of alehoof-ale. Temple.
He crimes invented, left unturned no stone
To make my guilt appear, and hide his own.

Dryden.

As in spires he stood, he turned to stone;
The stony snake retained the figure still his own.

Id.

Mortimer.

She had got a trick of holding her breath, and lying at her length for stone dead. L'Estrange. Small gravel or stoniness is found therein. They make two walls with flat stones, and fill the space with earth, and so they continue the stonework. Id. Where there is most arable land, stonehorses or geldings are more necessary. Id. Husbandry. Stonecrop tree is a beautiful tree, but not common.

Relentless time, destroying power, Whom stone and brass obey.

There is one found in a stonepit.

Mortimer.

Parnel.
Woodward.

They suppose these bodies to be only water petrified, or converted into these sparry or stony icicles.

Id.

A gentleman supposed his difficulty in urining pro-
Wiseman's Surgery.

ceeded from the stone.

A stonecutter's man had the vesicule of his lungs

so stuffed with dust, that, in cutting, the knife went as if through a heap of sand.

Derham's Physico-Theology. Crucifixion was a punishment unknown to the Jewish laws, among whom the stoning to death was the punishment for blasphemy. Stephens's Sermons. The name Hexton owes its original to the stoniness of the place. Hearne.

Should some relenting eye
Glance on the stone where our cold reliques lie.

I have not yet forgot myself to stone.

Pope.

Id.

The cottagers, having taken a country-dance together, had been all out, and stood stone still with

amazement.

Id.

In the next place there are they who are described as having received the seed in a stony soil, or on a rock under a very shallow bed of earth: such, I mean, who having heard the message of pardon, life, and glory, which the word of the gospel brings, im mediately receive it with a transport of joy-but, as they have no root of deep conviction and real love to holiness in themselves, they have no true impression of the power of it on their hearts.

Doddridge on Matt. xiii.

STONE (Edmund), a distinguished selftaught mathematician, was born in Scotland; but neither the place nor time of his birth are well known; but it is said on the authority of Chevalier Ramsay, author of the Travels of Cyrus, that he was son of a gardener of the duke of Argyle. At eighteen years of age his acquired merits were discovered by the duke, who drew him out of his obscurity, and provided him with an employment which left him plenty of time to apply himself to the sciences. Mr. Stone was author and translator of several useful works; viz. 1. A New Mathematical Dictionary, in 1 vol. 8vo., first printed in 1726. 2. Fluxions, in 1 vol. 8vo., 1730. The Direct Method is a translation from the French, of Hospital's Ana lyse des Infiniments Petits; and the Inverse Method was supplied by Stone himself. 3. The Elements of Euclid, in 2 vols. 8vo., 1731; with and a defence of his elements against modern an account of the life and writings of Euclid, objectors; with other smaller works. Stone was F. R. S., and had inserted in the Philosophical Transactions (vol. xli. p. 218) an Account of two species of lines of the third order, not mentioned by Sir Isaac Newton or Mr. Stirling.'

A letter from the chevalier de Ramsay, author of the Travels of Cyrus, in a letter to father Castel, a jesuit at Paris, and published in the Memoires de Trevoux, gives the following interesting particulars of Mr. Stone's early life :-True genius overcomes all the disadvantages of birth, fortune, and education; of which Mr. Stone is a rare example. Born a son of a gardener of the duke of Argyle, he arrived at eight years of age before he learnt to read. By chance a servant having taught young Stone the letters of the alphabet, there needed nothing more to dis cover and expand his genius. He applied him self to study, and he arrived at the knowledge of the most sublime geometry and analysis without a master, without a conductor, without any other guide than pure genius.

At eighteen years of age he had made these considerable advances without being known, and without knowing himself the prodigies of his acquisitions. The duke of Argyle, who joined to his military talents a general knowledge of

every science that adorns the mind of a man

of

STONE.

his rank, walking one day in his garden, saw
lying on the grass a Latin copy of Sir Isaac
Newton's celebrated Principia. He called some
one to him to take and carry it back to his
library. Our young gardener told him that the
book belonged to him. To you?' replied the
duke. Do you understand geometry, Latin,
Newton?' 'I know a little of them,' replied
the young man, with an air of simplicity arising
from a profound ignorance of his own knowledge
and talents. The duke was surprised; and, hav-
ing a taste for the sciences, he entered into con-
versation with the young mathematician: he
asked him several questions, and was astonished
at the force, the accuracy, and the candor of his
answers. But how,' said the duke, 'came you
by the knowledge of all these things?' Stone
replied, a servant taught me, ten years since, to
read: does one need to know any thing more
than the twenty-four letters in order to learn every
thing else that one wishes?' The duke's curi-
osity redoubled-he sat down upon a bank, and
requested a detail of all his proceedings in be-
coming so learned. I first learned to read,'
said Stone: the masons were then at work
upon your house: I went near them one day,
and I saw that the architect used a rule, com-
passes, and that he made calculations. I en-
quired what might be the meaning and use of
these things; and I was informed that there was
a science called arithmetic: I purchased a book
of arithmetic and I learned it. I was told there
was another science called geometry: I bought
the books, and I learned geometry. By reading
I found that there were good books in these two
sciences in Latin: I bought a Dictionary, and I
learned Latin. I understood also that there were
good books of the same kind in French: I
bought a dictionary, and I learned French. And
this, my lord, is what I have done it seems to
me that we may learn every thing when we know
the twenty-four letters of the alphabet.'

This account charmed the duke. He drew
this wonderful genius out of his obscurity; and
he provided him with an employment which left
him plenty of time to apply himself to the
sciences. He discovered in him also the same
genius for music, for painting, for architecture, for
all the sciences which depend on calculations and
proportions. I have seen Mr. Stone. He is a man
of great simplicity. He is at present sensible of
his own knowledge: but he is not puffed up with it.
He is possessed with a pure and disinterested love
for the mathematics; though he is not solicitous
to pass
for a mathematician: vanity having no
part in the great labor he sustains to excel in that
science. He despises fortune also; and he has
solicited me twenty times to request the duke to
give him less employment, which may not be
worth the half of that he now has, in order to
be more retired, and less taken off from his fa-
vorite studies. He discovers sometimes, by
methods of his own, truths which others have
discovered before him. He is charmed to find
on these occasions that he is not a first inventor,
and that others have made a greater progress
than he thought. Far from being a plagiary, he
attributes ingenious solutions, which he gives to
certain problems, to the hints he has found in

others, although the connexion is but very dis-
tant,' &c.

STONE (Jerome), the son of a reputable sea-
man, was born in the parish of Scoonie, in Fife.
His father died abroad when he was but three
years of age, and his mother, with her young
family, was left in very narrow circumstances.
Jerome having got the ordinary school educa-
tion, reading English, writing, and arithmetic,
commenced travelling chapman. But he soon
converted his stock of buckles, garters, &c., into
books, and for some years went through the
country, and attended the fairs as an itinerant
bookseller. Formed by nature for literature, he
possessed a peculiar talent for acquiring lan-
guages with amazing facility. He taught him-
self Hebrew and Greek, and, by the aid of Mr.
Turcan, the parish schoolmaster, acquired some
knowledge of Latin. Some time afterwards he
An unexampled
was encouraged to prosecute his studies at the
university of St. Andrew's.
proficiency in every branch of literature recom-
mended him to the esteem of the professors;
and an uncommon fund of wit and pleasantry
rendered him the favorite of all his fellow stu-
dents. About this period some very humorous
poetical pieces of his composition were publish-
ed in the Scots Magazine. Before he had finish-
ed his third session of St. Andrew's, on an ap-
plication to the college by the master of the
school of Dunkeld for an usher, Mr. Stone was
recommended as the best qualified for that of-
fice; and about two or three years after, the
master being removed to Perth, Mr. Stone, by
the favor of the duke of Atholl, who had con-
ceived a high opinion of his abilities, was ap-
pointed his successor. Having, with his usual
assiduity and success, acquired a complete know-
ledge of the Gaelic language, he collected a
number of ancient poems, the production of Irish
or Scottish bards. Some of these were trans-
lated into English verse, before Mr. Macpherson
published his translations from Ossian. He died
while he was writing and preparing for the press
a treatise entitled, An Enquiry into the Original
of the Nation and Language of the Ancient
Scots, with Conjectures about the Primitive
State of the Celtic and other European Nations.
In this treatise he proves that the Scots drew
their original, as well as their language, from the
ancient Gauls. A fever put an end to his life,
his labors, and his usefulness, in 1757, the thir-
tieth year of his age. He left in MS. a much
esteemed and well known allegory, entitled The
Immortality of Authors, which has been pub-
lished and often reprinted since his death.

STONE (John), a celebrated English painter, in the reigns of Charles I. and II. He studied under Cross, and spent thirty-seven years abroad, where he acquired several languages, being a man of learning as well as a good painter. He died at London, August 24th, 1653.

STONE, a market-town and parish in Pirehill hundred, Stafford, seven miles north of Stafford, and 141 north-west from London, on the banks of the Trent. Besides the advantages of the river Trent, it has a canal navigation, communi cating with most of the principal towns in the adjacent counties, by which its commercial im

STONE

dike or mound which is formed with stone and earth. These dikes should consist of a double face to two-thirds of their height, and the other third be of single stones, built up in an open form and manner, so as to hang firmly on each other. They are made in the Highland sheep districts, where this manner of forming them is much had recourse to, five or five feet and a half high from the surface of the ground. A dike thus built, when well executed, and filled with through-bands, bids defiance, it is said, to most kinds of animals, none of which are fond of venturing over it; whereas a green sod on the top of a double-faced wall invites the sheep to attempt clearing it, which they not unfrequently do with facility. These dikes are equally durable and cheap; even more so than the turf or sod covered or coped stone-walls, while they are greatly more effectual. They are the most proper for confining of sheep; and, on farms purely of this kind, are perhaps the best sort of contrivance for restraining them of any yet known. They have different names in different sheep districts.

STONE INDIANS, a tribe of Indians inhabiting the south of Fire Fort, or Assiniboin River, in North America. Their number is estimated by Mackenzie at 450 warriors. They have great numbers of horses, which are generally brought from the Spanish settlements in Mexico. These are employed as beasts of burden, and also in the chase of the buffalo. The former are not considered as being of much value, as they may be purchased for a gun which costs twenty guineas in Great Britain. Many of the hunters, however, cost more than ten times this price. Of these useful animals no care whatever is taken; for, when they are no longer employed, they are turned loose to provide for themselves.

STONES, MILL. In small corn-mills, where only one pair of stones is in use, they are, it is said, roughed on the surface, to enable them to tear, bruise, and reduce the grain, by the use of a small hand-pick. Stones, thus prepared and dressed, serve well for making of oatmeal, which is best and most relished when rough, and large in the grain; but they are not capable of grinding barley or peas to that fineness of flour which It is requisite to is necessary for some uses. have a separate pair of stones for this purpose, which are dressed on the surface, with a small chisel, in grooves running in from the circumference to the centre, as in the stones of wheatmills; the edges of these grooves clip the grain like scissars, and there is no interstice through which any of the grain can escape, until it is reduced to the required fineness of meal which

is proper.

STONE PICKERS are persons employed in picking stones from off the ground. In order to prevent the loss of time in filling and emptying the baskets, and that of having recourse to the team, the use of one horse and a light cart is advised, which attending seven or eight women, boys, and girls, may run over forty acres in about four days. It is advised by Mr. A. Young that constantly in a dry season an opportunity should be taken to stone-pick the grass and clover

WARE.

fields intended for mowing. In this work, no
stones are, he says, however, to be taken, but
such as would impede the scythe. It is often
the case, he adds, that the pickers, who generally
like this work, will over-pick if they are not
attended to, and propose to pick fields which
are not to be mown; but this is on no account
to be permitted, if the stones be not much
wanted. It has been often remarked, and is a
known fact, that too much stone-picking has done
a very sensible mischief, in many cases where
picked by authority of parliament for turnpike
roads. And Mr. Macro, of Suffolk, ascertained
it experimentally.

STONE PITCH, or rather PITCH STONE. See
MINERALOGY.

STONE WARE, or STONE-WARE, as it is often
absurdly compounded, a species of pottery so
called from its hardness. See DELFT, PORCE-
LAIN, and POTTERY. Clay is a principal ingre-
dient in pottery of all kinds which has the pro-
perty of hardening in the fire, and of receiving
and preserving any form into which it is moulded.
One kind of clay resists the most violent action of
the fire after being hardened to a certain degree,
but is incapable of receiving a sufficient degree of
hardness and solidity. A second kind assumes
a hardness resembling that of flint, and such a
compactness that vessels made of it have a glossy
appearance in their fracture resembling porcelain.
These two species owe their peculiar properties
of resisting heat without melting, to sand, chalk,
gypsum, or ferruginous earth, which they contain,
A third species of clay begins to harden with a
moderate fire, and melts entirely with a strong fire.
It is of the second species that stone ware is made.
The most famous manufactory of stone ware, as
well as of other kinds of pottery, is at Burslem in
Staffordshire. This can be traced with certainty
at least two centuries back; but of its first intro-
duction no tradition remains. In 1686, as we
learn from Dr. Plot's Natural History of Stafford-
shire, only the coarse yellow, red, black, and
mottled wares, were made in this country; and
the only materials employed for them appear to
have been the different colored clays which are
found in the neighbourhood, and which form
some of the measures or strata of the coal mines.
These coarse clays made the body of the ware,
and the glaze was produced by powdered lead-
ore, sprinkled on the pieces before firing, with
the addition of a little manganese for some parti-
cular colors. The quantity of goods manufac-
tured was at that time so inconsiderable that the
chief sale of them, Plot says, was to poor crate-
men, who carried them on their backs all over
the country.'

About 1690 two ingenious artisans from Germany, of the name of Ellers, settled near Burslem, and carried on a small work for a little time. They brought into this country the method of glazing stone ware, by casting is hot, and some other salt into the kiln while improvements of less importance; but, finding they could not get their secrets kept, they left the place rather in disgust. From this time various kinds of stone ware, glazed by the fumes of salt in the manner above mentioned, were added to the wares before made. The white kind, which afterwards became, and for many succeeding