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CHAP. III.
EARLY CAREER AND DISCOVERIES OF JAMES WATT.
Atmospheric Engine improved by Beighton
Smeaton's Improvements in the Atmospheric Engine
Brindley obtains a Patent for Improvement in
Invents the Self-regulating Feeder
Infancy of James Watt
His Descent and Parentage
Anecdotes of his Boyhood
His early Acquirements
Goes to London
Returns to Glasgow
Appointed Instrument-maker to the University
Opens a Shop in Glasgow
His Friends and Patrons
80
81
undergoes in Evaporation
Professor Robison's Remarks on Watt's personal Character
His industrious and studious Habits
His Attention first directed to Steam
Experiments on High-pressure Engine
Repairs an Atmospheric Model
Experimental Inquiry consequent on this
Observes great Defects in the Atmospheric Engine
His early Experiments on Steam
Discovery by Experiment of the Expansion which Water
Discovers the latent Heat of Steam
82
83
84
85
87
90
91
Informed by Dr. Black of the Theory of latent Heat
Quantity of Heat necessary to convert Ice into Water, first
noticed by Dr. Black
-
101
Examination of the analogous Effects produced by the
continued Application of Heat to Water in the liquid
State
Process of Boiling
Reconversion of Steam into Water
Conversion of Water into Steam
Latent Heat of Steam
Boiling Point varies
Different in different Places
Page
102
104
104.
112
113
115
Inquiry whether a Diminution of Pressure will produce a
corresponding Effect on the boiling Point -
Table showing the Temperature at which Water will boil
under different Pressures of the Atmosphere
Mechanical Force of Steam
Facts to be observed in
CHAP. V.
FURTHER DISCOVERIES OF WATT.
Watt finds that Condensation in the Cylinder is incompatible
with a due Economy of Fuel
Conceives the Notion of condensing out of the Cylinder
Discovers separate Condensation
Invents the Air Pump
Substitutes Steam Pressure for Atmospheric Pressure
Invents the Steam Case, or Jacket
His first Experiments to realise these Inventions
His experimental Apparatus
His experimental Models fitted up at Delft House, in Glasgow 128
Difficulties of bringing the improved Engines into Use
Watt first employed by Roebuck as a Civil Engineer
His Partnership with Roebuck
Abstract of the Act of Parliament for the Extension of his
Experimental Engine at Kinneal
155
156
157
158
162
163
164
165
Improvements in boring the Cylinder
Disadvantages of the new compared with the old Engines
Greatly increased Economy of Fuel
Economy of the Engine
Expedients to force the new Engines into Use
Correspondence of Boulton
Correspondence with Smeaton
Efficiency of Fuel in the new Engines
Discovery of the expansive Action of Steam
Watt states it in a Letter to Dr. Small
Its Principle explained
Mechanical Effects resulting from it
Computed Effect of cutting off Steam at different Portions
of the Stroke
Produces a variable Power
Expedients for equalising the Power
Expansive Principle in Watt's Engines limited
Its more extensive Application in the Cornish Engines
178
180
181
182
183
Watt's Attempts to extend the Steam Engine to Manufac-
Papin's projected Applications of the Steam Engine
Savery's Application of the Engine to move Machinery
Jonathan Hull's Application to Water Wheels
Champion of Bristol applies the Atmospheric Engine to
raise Water
Stewart's Application of the Engine to Mill-work
Wasborough's Application of the Fly-wheel and Crank
Reasons why Watt's single-acting Steam Engine was not
adapted to produce continuous uniform Motion of Ro-
tation
Watt's Second Patent
Sun-and-Planet Wheels
Valves of double-acting Engine
CHAP. VIII.
184
DOUBLE-ACTING ENGINE.
Methods of connecting the Piston-rod and Beam in the