Black and Robert Simson, 81. Extract from an unpublished manu-
script of Robison respecting the character of, 82. His first expe-
riments on steam, 83. Observes defects of atmospheric engine, 84.
His first attempt to improve it, by using a wooden instead of an
iron cylinder, 85. His method to ascertain the temperatures at
which water would boil under pressures less than that of the atmo-
sphere, 86. His early experiments on steam, 87. His notice of the
waste of heat in atmospheric engines, 89. His experiments to deter-
mine the extent to which water enlarged its volume when it passed
into steam, 90. Discovers the latent heat of steam, 91. Learns the
theory of latent heat, 93. His letter to Dr. Brewster, explaining
the circumstances which led to the error that a large share of the
merit of his discoveries were due to Black, 93. Finds that conden-
sation in the cylinder is incompatible with a due economy of fuel,
120. Conceives the notion of condensing out of the cylinder, 120.
Discovers separate condensation, 121. Invents the air-pump, 122.
Substitutes steam pressure for atmospheric pressure, 123. Invents
the steam case or jacket, 124. His first experiments to realise
these inventions, 125. His experimental apparatus, 126. Difficul-
ties of bringing the improved engines into use, 128. Practises as a
civil engineer, 129. Makes a survey of the river Clyde, 129. His
partnership with Dr. Roebuck, 130. His first patent, 130. De-
scription of his experimental engine at Kinneal, 131. Removes to
Soho, 131. Abstract of the act of parliament for the extension of
his patent, 132. Description of his single-acting engine, 133-144.
His condenser worked by an injection, 146. Objections attending
condensation by surface, 146. Improvements in construction of pis-
ton, 147. Effected by a contrivance called a stuffing-box, 147.
Method of packing, 148. Improved methods of boring the cylinder,
149. His letter to Smeaton on this subject, 149. Used black-lead
dust for the purpose of lubrication, 149. This found to wear the
cylinder, 149. Disadvantages of the atmospheric compared with the
old engines, 150. Greatly increased economy of fuel, 151. Expe-
dients to force the atmospheric engines into use, 152. His corre-
spondence with Boulton, 153.. His correspondence with Smeaton,
154. Exertions to improve the manufacture of engines at Soho, 155.
Efficiency of fuel in the new engines, 156. Endeavours to bring to
perfection the application of the steam engine to the drainage of
mines, 178. The reasons why his single-acting engine was not
adapted to produce continuous uniform motion of rotation, 184. His
notes upon Dr. Robison's article on the steam engine, 184. His
second patent, 186. His third patent, 189. His application of the
fly-wheel, 205. His application of the throttle-valve, 207. His
adaptation of the governor, 209. His double-acting engine considered
as a whole, 216. Investigation of the process of its operation, 217.
Eccentric, 225. Cocks and valves, 227. Single clack-valve, 227.
Double clack-valve, 228. Conical steam-valve, 228. Slide-valves.
229. The waggon boiler adopted by him, 225. Invents the
indicator, 274. The counter contrived by him, 278. The
Lunar Society in which Watt and Boulton were leading mem-

bers, 302. Invents the copying press, 302. His friends and
associates at Birmingham, 302. Method of heating by steam
brought forward by him, 303. His invention of a machine for
drying linen by steam, 303. His share in the discovery of the
composition of water, 303. His letter to Priestley on this subject,
307. Anecdote of his inventive genius, 309. Introduces the use
of chlorine in bleaching, 310. One of the founders of the Pneu-
matic institution at Clifton, 310. His first marriage, 310. Pri-
vate life of, 311. Death of his first wife, 311. His second mar-
riage, 311. He retires from business, 311. Death of his younger
son, 311. Extracts from his letters, 312. His death, 313. Cha-
racter of, by Lord Brougham, 313. By Sir Walter Scott, 314. By
Lord Jeffrey, 315. Occupation of his old age, 318. Invention of
machine for copying sculpture, 318. His last days, 318. Monu-
ments, 319. Inscription on the monument in Westminster Abbey
from the pen of Lord Brougham, 319. His application of tubular
condensers, 457. His expedient for coating boilers with felt, 463.
Wilkinson, his machine for accurately boring the insides of cylinders,
149.

Williams's method of consuming the unburned gases which escape from
the grate, and are carried through the flues, 260.
Woolf's engine, 176. Woolf's piston, 243.

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