conclude that such consequences should still follow national righteousness. And thou shalt lend unto many nations and thou shalt not borrow.-And the Lord shall make thee the head and not the tail; and thou shalt be above only and thou shalt not be beneath.' Such is the language of promise in one place; in another it is the following: Thou shalt keep therefore his statutes and his commandments, which I command thee this day, that it may go well with thee and with thy children after thee, and that thou mayest prolong thy days upon the earth which the Lord thy God giveth thee forever.' Such being some of the rewards of national righteousness, we may conclude this part of our subject with the words of the Psalmist: 'Happy is that people, that is in such a case. Yea, happy is that people whose God is the Lord.'"

Under the second division of his subject, our author alludes to the disgraceful duelling scenes at Washington, in the following man

ner

"What shall be said of some almost at the pinnacle of American glory, who, within the very precincts of Liberty's proud capitol, in the presence of grave senators and of foreign ministers, forget ful of their own and their country's true dignity, and leaping over every divine and human barrier, will, even in this age of Christianity and refinement, and for a slight affront, appeal to the absurd yet bloody ordeal of the sword or the pistol? If such, my country, are to be thy models, soon will the brightness of thy glory be diminished, soon the excellency of thy beauty tarnished!"

The preacher concludes his sermon as follows

'Again it may be inferred, that whoever wilfully strives to weaken the foundations of moral obligation, or maliciously to overthrow the Christian religion, is the greatest foe both to himself and his country.

"In this discourse, I have recommended this religion, merely because of its superior utility; now I place my foot firmly upon the Christian's vantage ground, and affirm that this religion is impressed with the seal of God, as to its truth and authority. I appeal to its well attested miracles; its fulfilled and fulfilling prophecies; its holy doctrines; its honourable testimony of God; its important moral discoveries; its unusual style; its unlettered teachers; its estab

lishment in the very heart of the Roman empire, without the power of the sword, in spite of learned and subtle philosophers, of blood-thirsty priests, implacable and persecuting emperors; to these and all its other numberless evidences, I appeal, and in view of them all, deliberately pronounce the intelligent and malignant adversary of the religion of Jesus Christ, the greatest foe, both to himself and to his country. Be assured my hearers, it is no small matter to despise the Son of God. What levelled the walls of Jerusa lem, wrapt its golden temple in flames, cast down the stones to the foundation, and poured forth the blood of a million and a half of slaughtered Jews? What still keeps the remnant, a wandering, spiritless, powerless, persecuted nation, a monument of long continued wrath? The rejection of the Son of God. Be wise

now, therefore, O ye kings: be instructLord with fear, and rejoice with tremed ye judges of the earth. Serve the bling. Kiss the Son, lest he be angry and ye perish from the way, when his wrath is kindled but a little."

"Once more, we might infer that as a people are so intimately connected with their representatives, they ought to select them with caution, and watch them with jealousy-but I hasten to conclude. And in concluding, permit me, my honourable auditors, to make, in the most respectful manner, a personal application of our subject.

aged trees, are, one after another, silent"The soldiers of the revolution, like ly falling around us. The ancient senators, and fathers, and sages, are going lars of the republick, are gradually mouldown fast into the grave. The old pildering into ruins: the stars are descending beneath the horizon. For two of these, Jefferson and Adams, we recently wore the sackcloth of mourning. This republick, with all its unspeakable blessings, the reward of the noble exertions of the mighty dead, is ours: but yours, in a great measure is it to say, senators and representatives, governors and judges, whether it shall belong to posterity. To you is it now committed: you have solemnly sworn to guard it: that oath is registered in heaven. I charge you all then, by the blood of slain warriors; by the toil of our fathers; by your plighted faith: I charge you by all the blessings of liberty, and by all the curses of slavery; by all the hopes of the present, and the interests of future millions: I charge you by the approbation of a patriot's conscience, and by the remorse of the dying traitor; I charge you by the fearful bar of the eternal God, at which, sooner or later, you must render an account of your stewardship; by

the unutterable bliss of heaven, and the insufferable woes of hell, that you strive in every possible way, but chiefly by your personal holiness, faith in Christ, and prayer to the throne of grace, to promote the righteousness of this, our indepen dent and blessed country.

"And may the God of nations and of Christians, for the sake of his dear Son, enable us all to act our parts as men, as patriots, and as Christians. Amen."

This surely is plain and solemn dealing with "senators and representatives, governors and judges;" and it augurs well that they were not offended with the address, but requested it to be printed-It is our earnest prayer that the life and health of this young ambassador of Christ may be prolonged, and that, in his double capacity of preacher of the gospel and head of a literary institution, he may have great cause to rejoice in the success of his arduous labours.

THE SCRIPTURAL DOCTRINE OF PREDESTINATION, IN REFERENCE TO THE PRESENT AND ETERNAL CONDITION OF MAN, STATED AND VINDICATED. By Alexander McFarlane, Pastor of the Presbyterian church in Deerfield, W. N. Jersey. Bridgeton, (W. N. J.) Printed by Franklin Ferguson. 1827. pp. 41.

The doctrine of predestination has been the subject of ardent controversy, in almost every age of the Christian church. Nor has it been confined to Christian writers. Aristotle taught that there can be no certain knowledge of things contingent; and the question how the pur pose or providence of God was to be reconciled with the entire freedom and accountableness of man, agitated the schools of heathen philosophy. It is a question which we believe never will be settled, by any attempts to show the pre

cise point, in which divine sovereignty and human freedom and responsibility meet and harmonize. At any rate, we have never met with any thing at all satisfactory on this subject; and we are not ashamed to say so, when Locke and Witherspoon have said it before us. At the same time, we believe firmly, both in the absolute sovereignty of God, and in the entire and righteous responsibility of man for all his voluntary actions, words, and thoughts. We could wish that the subject might be left here-But here, probably, it will not soon be left. We have perceived of late— and we have perceived it with sincere regret--that there is a disposition, in different parts of our country, to bring this subject, in a controversial form, before the pub lick. Those who are hostile to the doctrine of Predestination, as held by Calvinistick divines, have recently attacked it in various forms; sometimes in flippant sen tences or paragraphs, and at other times in grave sermons and set discussions. It was a sermon delivered in avowed opposition to the Calvinistick doctrine of Predestination, that occasioned the pamphlet now before us. We have carefully read that sermon. The former part of it is temperate, and respectful toward those from whom the preacher differed; and we began to think that it ought to have passed without a reply. But we were obliged to relinquish this opinion, before we had reached the end of the discourse. We found the speaker indulging in such outrageous denunciations, and such gross misrepresentations too, of the doctrine he was combating, that we thought he ought to be both answered and rebuked. Answered and rebuked he has accordingly been, in a very masterly manner, by the writer of the essay now before us. The nature of the subject forbids a short extract from this essay, and we have not room for a long one. But we recommend a careful perusal of the whole, to those who are willing or desirous to know what Calvinists believe, on the doctrine for which they are so often reviled-and what they have to say in favour of their belief.

Frauds and Imperfections in Paper. making. In order to increase the weight of printing paper, some manufacturers are in the habit of mixing sulphate of lime or gypsum with the rags, to a great extent. I have been informed by authority, upon which I place great reliance, that some paper contains more than one

fourth of its weight of gypsum; and I lately examined a sample which had the appearance of a good paper, that contained about 12 per cent.

The mode of detecting this fraud is extremely simple: Burn one hundred grains, or any given weight of the paper, in a platina, or earthen crucible, and con

1

With respect to the imperfection of paper, I allude to the slovenly mode in which the bleaching by means of chlorine or oxymuriatick acid is effected.-This, after its operation, is frequently left in such quantity in the paper, that it may be readily detected by the smell. Some time since, a button maker in Birmingham, who had manufactured the buttons in the usual way, was surprised to find that after being a short time kept, they were so tarnished as to be unsaleable; on searching for the cause, he found that it was derived from the action of the chlo rine which had been left in the paper to such an extent as to act upon the metallic buttons.

Important improvements have been lately made in steam navigation on the

St. Lawrence. Letters are now transmitted from Montreal to Quebec, and answers received, a distance of 360 miles, in the space of 44 hours.

On the employment of the wood and bark of the Chesnut-tree in dyeing and tanning. -The bark of the chesnut-tree contains

twice as much tanning matter as oak-bark, and nearly twice as much colouring matter as log-wood. The colouring substance of chesnut-bark is to that of Campeachy logwood exactly as 1.857 to 1. Leather prepared with this substance is more firm and solid, and yet more supple. This bark is the best substance for making ink mixed with iron it becomes a bluish black. The liquor drawn from this bark appears blue at the outside, like indigo; but it gives, on paper, the finest black. In dyeing it has a greater affinity for wool than sumach has, and in other respects it differs very little from sumach and gall-nuts.

:

The colour obtained from this substance is unchangeable by air and light.

Mrs. Hemans, the celebrated poetess, having been invited by the proprietors of the Philadelphia Ladies' Album, to take charge of that periodical publication, with a salary of fifteen hundred dollars per annum, bas returned the following

answer:

"Rhydon, St. Asaph, 14th Aug. 1827. "Sir, I beg to acknowledge with thanks, the favour of your very obliging letter, and request you to inform your American friend, that I am gratefully sensible of the compliment paid me by the VOL. V.-Ch. Adv.

Saxony Sheep:-The importation of sheep, selected from the finest flocks of Saxony, must be viewed with much gratification by those who feel an interest in the prosperity of this country. It is but little more than fifty years since the merino flocks of Spain were first introduced into Saxony. So rapid has been their increase since that, that Saxony in addition to supplying her own manufactories, now furnishes much of the finest wool manufactured in England. No country possesses a more favourable climate or better pastures for sheep than the United States. Wherever the fine merino sheep of Spain have been introduced, they have been found to thrive. Their fleeces have even improved in quality, by attentive treat ment. From the usual enterprise and industry, which has distinguished the inhabitants of this country, it will not be deemed too sanguine to hope, that nearly as rapid an increase may take place in the production of the staple article of wool, as has taken place in that of cotton, within the last thirty years; and that many who are now in existence, may live to see the period when fine wool shall be classed among the great staple exports of this

country.

estimated about 6 or 7 years ago, by three Manufactures in Great Britain.—It was of the most experienced cotton spinners in thread produced on an average by each Great Britain, that the quantity of cotton worker, compared with that which one person could have spun on the single wheel, as was the practice before the late inventions of Arkwright and others, was then as 120 to 1: that is, one person produced as much as 120 could have produced previously to these inventions. There are now about 280,000 persons engaged in the spinning of cotton thread in this country-280,000, multiplied by 120, gives 33,600,000 as the number of operatives who would have been required to produce as much cotton thread, on the old plan, as is spun in Great Britain at present. Political economists generally reckon one in five a producer, but say one in three; then it follows, that it would require the working part of a population of more than one hundred millions of human beings to produce on the old single wheel as much cotton thread as 280,000 workers are enabled to manufacture, in 3 N

consequence of the mechanism by which they are assisted.

Diurnal Variation of the Magnetick Needle. We understand that Mr. Christie has continued to pursue his inquiries on this subject, and that he has been led to conclude from them, that it is the calorific and not the colorific rays that produse the change in question. He has found that a change of temperature in his opposing magnets, to the amount of one degree only, will produce a change of nearly a degree in the direction of the needle. He showed by the most satisfac tory experiments, before Professors Ocrsted and Barlow, that the mere change of heat produced by applying his hand to the magnet, when the needle was thus nicely adjusted, caused a deviation to the amount of between two and three degrees.

Mr. Christie has communicated the first part of his experiments to the Royal Society of London.

Physiology.-M. Cuvier, in an article in the Revue Encyclopedique, speaks in very high terms of some chemical inquiries into the nature of animal fat of various kinds, by M. L. Chevreul. After an analysis of the work, and a description of the facts which it contains, M. Cuvier thus concludes his remarks: "We have no hesitation whatever in saying that the labours of M. Chevreul constitute a new era in physiology. They have begun to do that with respect to the particular composition of the human organs and func tions, which comparative anatomy has done with respect to their structure; and there can be no doubt that this science, which is at present in many points so arbitrary and hypothetical, so obscure and superficial, henceforth resting on positive knowledge, will renounce vague specu lation and fantastic conjecture, and adhere, like the work which we have just noticed, to accurate experiment, to certain facts and to rigorous deductions."

We find in the Hamburgh papers mention made of an interesting fact in mineralogy-the discovery of a mass of Platina of about ten pounds weight, in one of the mines of the Ural. This rare metal had hitherto been discovered in very minute particles.-Persons who have speculated on the subject have observed that the various metals have been found in a

greater or less degree of abundance, in very nearly the ratio of their respective utility; iron, the most useful of all, being also the most common, and most generally diffused. They had, therefore, considered it possible that platina, which may be applied to most of the purposes of iron, and which, from its resistance to acids, and its not being liable to oxidize from exposure to heat, may be used in many cases in which iron cannot be employed, would one day be found in as great abundance as the latter. There is something fanciful in this anticipation, though the data on which it proceeds are unquestionable. The discovery, however, of so large a mass as that to which we have been alluding, and which forms an era in the history of Platina, gives to what would otherwise pass as the dream of a theurist, some prospect of being realized.

LIST OF NEW PUBLICATIONS. The Greek Reader-a new edition. The Epicurean, by Thomas Moore. The Museum of Foreign Literature and Science, for October.

The Lyceum, for September. The American Sunday School Maga zine, for October.

An Inquiry into the Nature of Sin: in which the views advanced in "Two Discourses on the Nature of Sin," are pursued, and vindicated from objections stated in the Christian Advocate. By Eleazar T. Fitch.

The Nature of Sin. A sermon delivered at Newark, New Jersey, by Rev. John Ford, A. M. Pastor of the Church at Pasippong, N. J.

Proceedings of the Third Annual Meeting of the New Jersey Colonization Seciety, held at Princeton, N. J. Aug. 15, 1827. To which is added, the Report ei the Board of Managers.

We earnestly recommend to all our readers an attentive perusal of the following Address. It relates to a measure in which we apprehend that every real Christian cannot avoid taking a deep and lively interest, and one too that every true patriot and philanthropist must, we think, regard with special favour. We hope that those who receive our miscellany out of Pennsylvania, will not fail to use their influence to promote a similar measure, in the several States in which they reside. We cannot conceive of any thing, on which He who gave us the revelation of his will in the Bible, will look down with more complacency, than on an attempt to put a copy of it in every family in our country; and thus to bring its blessed and soul saving truths, to the knowledge of every adult individual, in a land which he has peculiarly distinguished by the bounties of his providence, and by the inestimable blessings of civil and religious liberty.

ADDRESS OF THE MANAGERS OF THE PHILADELPHIA BIBLE SOCIETY, TO THE INHABITANTS OF THE STATE OF PENNSYLVANIA.

Fellow Citizens and Fellow ChristiansPermit us, in soliciting your attention to the subsequent Address, to advert for a moment to the origin, the design, and the operations, of the PHILADELPHIA BIBLE SOCIETY. It originated from contemplating and appreciating the benefits result ing from the institution of the British and Foreign Bible Society. It was organized in the year 1809, and was the first, and for some time the only association of the kind, in the United States. It received, a few years after its establishment, a publick act of incorporation, from the Legislature of Pennsylvania, to which a report of its proceedings, required by its charter, has regularly been made. Its simple and sole design is, to distribute, as extensively as its means will permit, the sacred Scriptures, without note or comment. Its operations have been constantly and scrupulously directed to their prescribed end;

and their salutary effects have been felt and acknowledged in most of the States

of the American Union, and in a measure also, in foreign and distant lands.

But while we are conscious that, as Managers of this Society, we have acted with fidelity, and not without a portion of

zeal; and while we would be thankful for the aid and countenance we have received from the Christian publick, and for the good which may have been effected through our feeble instrumentality; it is certain that we have often and painfully felt, that we were doing far less than we could have wished. We are not even prepared to say-we dare not say-that we have done all that we might; all that a more just and impressive view of our duty would have urged us to undertake; and that pious Christians and patriotick citizens, if suitably called on, would readily have furnished us with the means to accomplish. Instructed and animated by some recent occurrences, we have firmly resolved, in reliance on divine aid, and looking for the blessing of God to rest on ing more than we have heretofore attempted; to enter on a more arduous work, and we hope on a more fertile field of usefulness, than any in which we have hitherto laboured. The enterprise in contemplation will best be made known by reciting a resolution, unanimously adopted by our Board, at a meeting on the 17th instant, and expressed in the following words-"Resolved, that an immediate effort be made to supply every destitute family in the State of Pennsylvania with a copy of the sacred Scriptures, within the term of three years, and sooner if it shall be found practicable."

our humble endeavours, to aim at effect

It is in reference to the effort, to which we are pledged by this resolution, that we now address you.

Allow us, first of all, earnestly to solicit your special attention to THE NECESSITY which exists for such an effort as we have resolved to make. The necessity for this measure has been forcibly impressed on our own minds, by discoveries which have lately been made. We are well informed, that, on actual inquiry and examination, it has been fully ascertained, that in districts and villages which it had been supposed were completely replenished with copies of the Holy Scriptures, many families have been found utterly destitute of a Bible. What then, we have said, must be the state of places and regions of an entirely different character, many of which exist in Pennsylvania-to which no adequate supply of the sacred volume