ed by Wolfgang Lazius, at Bafil, 1551; and it has tince borne feveral impreAions in different places.

ABDICARIA propofitio, in logic, a negative propofition.

on the E. Timefius the Clazomenian attempted to found it, but was forced to give it up by the Thracians. The Teians, however, fucceeded, and fettled in it to avoid the Perfians. Pliny and Juftin report that the grafs of Abdera was fo frong that fuch horfes as eat of it ran mad. It is famous for being the birth-place of Protagoras, Democritus, Anaxarchus, Hecatæus the hiftorian, Nicenæetus the poet, &c. though the natives in general were rather esteemed inferior to others in point of judgment.

ABDERAHMA, a Saracen viceroy in Spain, who revolted and fet up an independant principality at Cordova. He had feveral fucceffors of the fame name.

ABDERIAN LAUGHTER, foolish and inceffant laughter, fo called from Democritus, the Abderite, the laughing philofopher.

ABDERITES, or ABDERITANI, the inhabi. tants of Abdera. It is reported, that in the reign of Caffander king of Macedon, they were fo pef tered with frogs and rats, that they were obliged to defert their city for fome time: and Lucian tells us, that in the reign of Lyfimachus, they were for fome months afflicted with a fever of a moft extraordinary nature, whofe crisis was always on the feventh day, and then it left them; but it so distracted their imaginations, that they fancied themselves players. After this, they were ever repeating verses from some tragedy, and particularly out of the Andromeda of Euripides, as if they had been upon the ftage; fo that many of thefe pale, meagre actors, were pouring forth their tragic exclamations in every trect. This delirium continued till the winter following; which was a very cold one, and therefore fitter to remove it. Lucian, who has defcribed this difeafe, endeavours to account for it in this manner: Archelaus, an excellent player, acted the Andromeda of Euripides before the Abderites, in the height of a very hot fummer. Several had a fever at their coming out of the theatre; and as their imaginations were full of the tragedy, the delirium, which the fever raifed, reprefented per petually Andromeda, Perfeus, Medufa, &c. and the feveral dramatic incidents, and called up the ideas of thofe objects, and the pleasure of the reprefentation, fo ftrongly, that they could not forbear imitating Archelaus's action and declamation: and from these the fever spread to others by infection.

ABDEST, a Perfin word literally fignifying the water placed in a bafon for washing the hands, but used to exprefs the purifications practifed by the Mahometans before they enter on their religious ceremonies..

ABDEVENAM, in aftrology, the head of the 12th houfe in the scheme of the heavens.

ABDI, [ap, Heb. i. e, my fervant.] The father of Kith, and grand-father of king Saul.

ABDIAS OF ABYLON, one of the boldeft legend writers, who boasted he had feen our Saviour, that he was one of the 72 difciples, had been eye-witnefs of the actions and prayers at the deaths of feveral of the apoftles, and had followed into Pertia St Simon and St Jude, who, he said, made him the first bishop of Babylon. His book intitled Hifloria certaminis apoftolici, was publish

* To ABDICATE, v.a [Lat. abdico.] To give up right; to refign; to lay down an office. Old Saturn here, with upcaft eyes, Bebeld his abdicated skies.

Addifon

ABDICATION, n. f. [abdicatio, Lat.] The act of abdicating; refignation; quitting an office by one's own proper act, before the ufual, or ftated expiration.-Neither doth it appear how a prince's abdication can make any other fort'of vacancy, than would be caufed by his death; fince he cannot abdicate for his children, otherwife than by his own confent in form, to a bill from the two houses. Swift's Sentim. of a Church of Eng. Man.

* ABDICATIVE. adj. That which caufes or implies an abdication. Dia.

ABDICATIVE. adj. [from abdo, to hide.] That which has the power or quality of hiding. Dia.

ABDIE, a parish in the county of Fife in Scot land, S. of the Tay, which has decreafed in its population, within these 50 years, nearly one half From its healthy fituation, its numerous lakes and ftreams, and its proximity to the markets of Cupar, Auchtermuchty and Newburgh, it is recom mended, in Sir John Sinclair's Statistical Account, as a very eligible fituation for maltfters, bleachers, and other manufacturers, whofe machinery re quires to be moved by water.

ABDIEL, (Heb. the fervant of God.] A man's name, common among the Jews.

ABDITÆ CAUSE, in medicine, the fecret o remote caufes of difeafes, which, phyficians of the dogmatic fet affirmed, were neceffary to be known, in order to establish a right method of cure ABDITARIUM, [O. L.] A chett in which relics were kept, or a place to hide goods, plate or money.

ABDITIVE. [from abdo. Lat.] hiding.

* ABDOMEN. n. f. [Lat. fron abdo. to hide A cavity commonly called the lower venter, o belly: It contains the ftomach, guts, liver, fpleen and bladder, and is within lined with a mem brane, called the peritoneum. The lower par is called the hypogaftrium: The foremost par is divided into the epigaftrium, the right an left hypochondria, and the navel; It is boundle above by the cartilago enfiformis and the dia phragm; fideways by the thort, or lower ribs and behind by the vertebræ of the loins, the bone of the coxendix, that of the pubes, and os facrum It is covered with feveral muscles, from whof alternate relaxations and contractions in refpira tion, digestion is forwarded, and the due motio of all the parts therein contained promoted, bot for fecretion and expulfion Quincy. The Abde men confifts of parts containing and contained Wifeman's Surgery.

ABDOMEN, difeafes of the, See MEDICINE ABDOMEN, Wounds of the, See ANATOMY SURGERY.

* ABDOMINAL, adj. relating to the abde men. ABDOMINALES

ABDUCTORES FEMURIS. Anatomifts reckon four of these. Their ufe is to move the thigh bone, according to their different directions.

ABDOMINALES, in Ichthyology, ABDOMINAL FISH, which have the ventral fins placed behind the pectoral in the abdomen, and conftitute the IV. crder of the iv. clafs of animals in the Linnæan Syftem, comprebending 17 genera, and 127 fpecies. See ICHTHYOLOGY and ZOOLOGY.

* ABDOMINOUS, adj. relating to the abdo

men

ABDON, a city of Ather, given to the Gerfromites.

ABDON, the fon of Hillel, an Ephraimite, who fucceeded Elon, A. M. 2840, and judged Ifrael 8 years. He was buried at Pirathon, in Ephraim, and left 40 fous and 30 grand-fons.

ABDON, the fon of Micah, one of Jofiah's Meffengers, who was fent to confult Huldah, the prophetess.

To ABDUCE. v. e. [Lat. abduco.] To draw to a different part; to withdraw one part from a Bother. A word chiefly used in phyfic or science. -If we abduce the eye unto either corner, the object will not duplicate, for, in that pofition, the axis of the cones remain in the fame plain, as is demonftrated in the optics delivered by Galen, Brown's Vulg. Err. b. iii. c. 20.

ABDUCENS labiorum, in anatomy, a name given by Spigellius to a mufcle, which is the levator anguli oris of Albinus, and the caninus, or elevator labiorum communis of others.

ABDUCENT, adj. Muscles abducent are those which ferve to open or pull back divers parts of the body; their oppofites being called adducent.-Dig.

ABDUCTION, n. f. [abducio, Lat.] 1. The art of drawing apart, or withdrawing one part from another. 2. A particular form of argument. ABDUCTION, in logic, a kind of argumentation, by the Greeks called apagoge, wherein the greater extreme is evidently contained in the medium, but the medium not fo evidently in the lef fer extreme, as not to require fome farther medium or proof to make it appear. It is called abduction, because, from the conclufion, it draws us on to prove the propofition affumed. Thus, in the fyllogifm, "All whom God abfolves are free from fin; but God abfolves all who are in Chrift; there fore all who are in Chrift are free from fin,"-the major is evident; but the minor, or affumption, is Got fo evident without fome other proponition to prove it, as, "God received full fatisfaction for fin by the fufferings of Jefus Chrift."

ABDUCTION, in furgery, a species of fracture, wherein the broken parts of the bone recede from each other.

ABDUCTOR. z. f. [abdu&or, Lat.] The name given by anatomifts to the mufcles which ferve to draw back the feveral members. He fuppofed the conftrictors of the eye-lids must be ftrengthened in the fupercilious; the abdu&ors in drunkards, and contemplative men, who have the fame fteady and grave motion of the eye. Arbuthnot and Pope's Martinus Scriblerus.

ABDUCTOR AURICULARIS, or of the little finger, arifes from the annular ligament, and the third and fourth bones of the carpus in the fecond rank; and is inserted externally into the first bone of the little finger: it ferves to draw that finger from the rest, and also to bend it a little.

VOL. I. PART. I.

ABDUCTOR INDICIS, or of the fore-finger, arifes from the infide of the bone of the thumb, and is inferted into the firft bone of the fore-finger, which it draws from the reft towards the thumb.

ABDUCTOR LONGUS POLLICIS, in anatomy, a name given by Albinus to a mufcle of the hand, called by Winflow, Cowper, and others, extenfor primus pollicis.

ABDUCTOR MINIMI DIGITI MANUS. See AвDUCTOR AURICULARIS.

ABDUCTOR MINIMI DIGITI PEDIS, or of the little toe, arifes from the outside of the os calcis, near the exterior bone of the metatarfus, and is inferted laterally into the outside of the fecond bone of that toe, which it pulls from the reft.

ABDUCTOR OCULI, or of the eye, is one of the four recti, or straight muscles, arifing from the bottom of the orbit, and spread over the first proper tunic; ferving to draw the eye towards the outer canthus.

ABDUCTOR OSSIS METACARPI DIGITI MINIMI, in anatomy, a name given by Albinus to a muscle of the hand, called by Winflow, and some others, the metacarpialis, and by the generality of writers, by names but badly expreffing its nature or uses. Riolanus calls it, pars hypothenaris parva digiti; and Spigelius, interoffeus ultimo offi metacarpii, parte manus externa, adherens. Cowper calls it, the abductor minimi digiti; and Douglas, the flexor primi internodii minimi digiti.

ABDUCTOR POLLICIS MANUS, called alfo Thenar, springs from the annular ligament and firft bone of the carpus; from whence paffing the thumb, it makes that fleshy body called mons lunæ: it draws the thumb from the fingers.

ABDUCTOR POLLICIS PEDIS, or of the great toe, fprings from the infide of the os calcis, and the greater os cunciforme; and is inferted into the outfide of the exterior os fefamoideum pollicis; it ferves to draw the great toe from the teil.

A-BEARING, in law, behaviour. To be bound to a good a-bearing, is to be bound to a good behaviour.

ABECEDARIAN, n.. [from the names of a, b, c, the three firft letters of the alphabet.] He that teaches or learns the alphabet, or first rudiments of literature.-This word is ufed by Wood in his Athene Oxonienfes, where mentioning Farnaby the critic, he relates, that in fome part of his life, he was redueed to follow the trade of an abecedarian by his misfortunes.

ABECEDARY, adj. (See ABECEDARIAN.] 1. Belonging to the alphabet. 2. Infcribed with the alphabet.-This is pretended from the fympathy of two needles touched with the loadstone, and placed in the center of two abecedary circles, or rings of letters, defcribed round about them, one friend keeping one, and another the other, and agreeing upon an hour wherein they will communicate. Brown's Vulg. Errours, b. ii.

ABECHED. [abecher, Old Fr.] Fed, fatis

fied.

* ABED, adv. [from a, for at, and bed.] In bed. It was a fhame for them to mar their com C plexions,

plexions, yea and conditions too, with long lying abed: when he was of their age, fhe would have made a handkerchief by that time o'day. Sidney, b. ii.

She has not been abed, but in her chapel All right devoutly watch'd. Dryd. Span. Fr. To ABEDGE, to abide; to fuffer. Chauc. ABEDNEGO, the name given by Nebuchadnezzar's principal eunuch to Azariah, one of the three captive Jewish children, who were miraculoufly delivered from the tyrant's fiery furnace. See SHADRACH.

ABEL, x, Heb. l'anity.] the 2d fon of Adam and Eve, who was a thepherd, and was killed by his brother Cain, from envy of the fuperior mark of divine favour bestowed upon him. It is furprifing, that, though he was the first martyr, his name is not to be found in auy catalogue of faints or martyrs, either in the Greek or Roman church, earlier than the roth century. Several Roman fitanies however contain prayers to him, for perfons at the point of death.

ABEL, a king of Denmark, of a very oppofite character to that of the patriarch, for he killed his brother to obtain the crown.

ABEL, a place near Bethfhemesh, in Judea, called alfo the field of Joshuah, where a great ftone was erected, to commemorate the mourning of the Hebrews for their friends, who were ftruck dead, for looking into the ark.

ABELA, See ABEL-KERAMIM. ABELARD, Peter, a famous doctor of the 12th century, born at Palais in Britany. He was well fkilled in divinity, philofophy and the languages, but peculiarly eminent for his acutenefs in logic, of which he gave proofs wherever he travelled, by difputing with and bathing all who would enter the lifts with him. He read lectures with great applaufe at Paris, where he lodged with one Fulbert, a canon, who had a beautiful niece, called Eloife. Abelard was appointed her preceptor, but instead of the fciences, taught her love, and, neglecting his own functions, wrote nothing but amorous verfes. Eloife proving with child, Abelard fent her to a fifter of his in Britany, where he was delivered of a fon. To forten the canon's anger, he offered to marry Eloife privately; and the old man was better pleafed with the propofal than the niece; who, from a fingular excefs of paffion, chofe to be Abelard's mistress, rather than his wife. She married, however; but ufed often to proteft upon oath that the was fingle, which provoked the canon to ufe her ill. Upon this, Abelard fent her to the monaftery of Argenteuil; where the put on a religious habit, but did not take the veil. Eloife's relations confidering this as a fecond treachery, hired ruffians, who, forcing into his chamber in the dead of the night, emafculated him. This infamous treatment made him fly to the gloom of a cloifter. He affumed the monathic habit of St Dennis; but the disorders of that house foon drove him from thence. He was afterwards charged with herefy; but after feveral perfecutions for his religious fentiments, he fettled in a folitude in the diocese of Troies, where he built an oratory, to which he gave the name of the Paraclet. He was afterwards chofen fuperior of the abbey of Ruis,

in the diocefe of Vannes; when the nuns being expelled from the nunnery in which Eloife had been placed, he gave her his oratory; where the fettled with fome of her fifter nuns, and became their priorefs. Abelard mixed the philosophy of Ariftotle with his divinity, and in 1140 was condemned by the council of Rheims and Sens. Pope Innocent II. ordered him to be imprifoned, his books to be burnt, and forbid him ever teaching again. However, he was foon after pardoned, at the folicitation of Peter the Venerable, who received him into his abbey of Clugni, where he led an exemplary life. He died in the priory of Marcellus at Chalons, April 21, 1142, aged fixty three. His corpfe was fent to Eloife, who buried it in the Paraclet. He left feveral works : the moft celebrated of which are thofe tender letters that paffed between him and Eloife, with the account of their misfortunes prefixed; which have been tranflated into English, and immortalised by the harmony of Mr Pope's numbers.

ABEL-BETHMAACAH, or ABEL-MAIM, & ftrong city in Judeah, fituated about the S. frontiers of mount Lebanon, where Sheba fled from David's troops and was beheaded. It was taken and plundered about 80 years after, by Benhadað king of Syria. And about 200 years after that event, Tiglathpilefer, king of Affyria, took it and carried the inhabitants captive. It was afterwards rebuilt, and became the capital of Abilene in Syria.

ABELIANS, or ABELINS, in church history, a fect of heretics mentioned by St Auftin, which arofe in the diocefe of Hippo in Africa, and is fuppofed to have begun in the reign of Arcadius, and ended in that of Theodofius. Indeed it was not calculated for being of any long continuance. Thofe of this fect regulated marriage after the example of Abel; who, they pretended, was married, but died without ever knowing his wife. They therefore allowed each man to marry one woman, but enjoined them to live in continence: and, to keep up the fect, when a man and woman entered into this fociety, they adopted a boy and a girl, who were to inherit their goods, and to marry upon the fame terms of not begetting children, but of adopting two of different, fexes.

ABELICEA, the name of a very tall tree, growing principally in Crete, called alfo Santalus Adulterina, and Pieudofantalum.

ABEL-KERAMIM, (i. e. VINEARUM,) a place beyond Jordan in the country of the Ammonites, where Jephthah defeated them. It abounded in vines, whence the name, and was fituated 7 miles from Philadelphia,

ABELLA, an ancient town of Campania, near the river Clanius, now called AVELLA.

ABELLANI, the inhabitants of Abella, faid to have been a colony of Chalcidians.

ABELLINATES, the inhabitants of Abellinum, filed by Pliny, Protopi, to distinguish them from the Abellinates Marfi.

ABELLINUM, an ancient town of the Hirpini, a people of Apulia, diftant about a mile from the rivulet Sabbato, between Beneventum and Salernum. It is now called Avellino.

ABEL-MEHOLA, a city on the W. fide of

Jordan

water, fimilar to thofe of Peterhead and Glendy. Long. 2. 39. W. Lat. 56. 36. N.

ABERDEEN, a principal city in the north of Scotland, which comprehends two towns under that denomination, viz. the OLD and the NEW Town. The Old Town is a place of great antiquity and was of fome importance fo long ago as 893, when, tradition fays, king Gregory conferred upon it fome peculiar privileges. A bishopric, founded at Mortlich by Malcolm II, was tranflated to Aberdeen by David I, and in 1163, Malcolm IV granted a new charter to the bishop of Aberdeen: And there is fill extant a charter of Alexander II, dated 1217, granting to Aberdeen the fame privileges he had granted to his town of Perth. Both towns are fituated on the coaft of the German Ocean; 121 m. N. E. from Edin. Long. 1. 50. W. Lat. 57. 6. N. The Old town lies about a mile N. from the New, at the mouth of the Don, over hich is a fine Gothic bridge, of a fingle arch, greatly admired, which refts at both fides on two rocks. This arch, said to have been built by a bishop of Aberdeen about the year 1290, is 67 feet wide at the bottom, and 34 feet high above the furface of the river, which at ebbtide is here 19 feet deep. The Old town was formerly the feat of the bishop, and had a large cathedral commonly called St Macher's. Two very antique fpires, and one aifle, which is ufed as a church, are now the only remains of it. The bifhopric was founded in the time of David I, as abovementioned. The cathedral had anciently two rows of ftone pillars across the church, and three turrets; the steeple, which was the largest of thefe turrets, refted upon an arch, fupported by four pillars. In this cathedral there was a fine library; but, about the year 156c, it was almoft totally deftroyed. But the capital building is the King's-college on the fouth fide of the town, which is a large and ftately fabric. It is built round a fquare, with cloifters on the fouth fide. The chapel is very ruinous within; but there ftill remains fome wooden work of exquifite workmanship. This was preferved by the fpirit of the principal at the time of the reformation, who armed his people, and checked the blind zeal of the barons of the Mearns; who, after ftripping the cathedral of its roof, and robbing it of the bells, were going to violate this feat of learning. They fhipped their facrilegious booty, with an intention of expofing it to fale in Holland: but the veffel had fcarcely gone out of port, when it perished in a form with all its ill-gained lading. The fteeple is vaulted with a double crofs arch; above which is an imperial crown, fupported by eight ftone pillars, and clofed with a globe and two gilded croffes. in the year 1631 this fteeple was thrown down by a form, but was foon after rebuilt in a more stately form. This college was founded in 1494, by William Elphinston, bifhop of this place, lord chancellor of Scotland in the reign of James III, and lord privy feal in that of James IV. But James IV claimed the patronage of it, and it has fince been called the King's College. This college, and the Marifchal college in the New Town, form one univerfity, called the University of King Charles. The library is large, but not remarkable for many curiofities. Hector

Boethius was the firft principal of the college; and fent for from Paris for that purpose, on an annual falary of forty merks Scots, at thirteen pence each. The fquare tower on the fide of the college was built by contributions from General Monk and the officers under him, then quartered at Aberdeen, for the reception of ftudents; of which there are about a hundred belonging to the college who lie in it.

cans.

New ABERDEEN is the capital of the fhire of Aberdeen For largenefs, trade, and beauty, it greatly exceeds any town in the north of Scotland. It is built on a hill or rifing ground, and lies on a fmall bay formed by the Dee, deep enough for a ship of 200 tons, and above two miles in circumference.-The buildings (which are of granite from the neighbouring quarries) are generally four ftories high; and have, for the most part, gardens behind them, which gives it beautiful appearance. On the high ftreet is a large church, which formerly belonged to the FrancifThe church was begun by Bishop William Elphinston; and finished by Gavin Dunbar, bifhop of Aberdeen, about 1500. Bifhop Dunbar is faid likewife to have built the bridge over the Dee, which confifts of feven arches. In the middle of Caftle-ftrect is an octagon building, with neat bas-relievos of the kings of Scotland, from James I. to James VII. The town-house makes a good figure, and has a handfome spire in the centre. The grammar fchool is a low but neat building. Gordon's hofpital is handfome; in front is a good ftatue of the founder: it maintains forty boys, who are apprenticed at proper ages. The infirmary is a large plain building, and fends out between eight and nine hundred cured patients annually. But the chief public building in the new town is the Marifchal college, founded by George Keith, Earl of Marifchal, in the year 1593; but fince greatly augmented with additional buildings. There are about 140 ftudents belonging to it. In both the Marifchal and King's college, the languages, mathematics, natural philofophy, divinity, &c. are taught by very able profeflors. The convents in Aberdeen were: One of Mathurines, or of the order of the Trinity, founded by William the Lion, who died in 1214; another of Dominicans, by Alexander II. a third of Obfervantines, a building of great length in the middle of the city, founded by the citizens and Mr Richard Vans, &c. and a fourth of Carmelites, or White Friars, founded by Philip de Arbuthnot, in 1350. Aberdeen, including the Old Town, is fuppofed to contain 25,coo people. Its trade is confiderable, but might be greatly extended by an attention to the white fisheries. The harbour was long a great detriment to its trade, and occafioned the lofs of many lives and much property. A ftranger could never depend upon finding it as he left it; while veffels lay at anchor in the road till the tide fhould make, they have often been wrecked by the forms which fuddenly arofe. It was narrow at the mouth, having the easterly rocky point of the Grampian mountains on the fouth, and a flat blowing fand on the north, extending along the coaft for many miles. By the eafterly and north-eaft ftorms, the fand was driven in a long ridge across the har

bour's