Electroless plating: fundamentals and applications

acid activation added addition adhesion alkaline alloys aluminum anodic applications becomes borohydride catalytic cause chemical cleaning coating cobalt coercivity complex components composition concentration constant containing corrosion curves decrease density dependent deposition determined developed effect Electrochem electroless copper electroless nickel plating electroless plating electrons etch example film Finishing formaldehyde gold hardness heat hydrogen hypophosphite immersion increased initial ions layer lead lower magnetic materials measured mechanism metal method nickel deposits observed obtained occur operating oxidation palladium particles patent percent plating bath plating rate plating solution polarization potential prepared present problems produced properties range reaction reducing agent removed reported resistance result rinse salt shown shows silver sodium solution specific stabilizer steel step stress structure substrate surface Table tank techniques Teflon temperature thickness treatment typical usually values wear