rulers, chosen by and from the whole body of the people, or by their representatives assembled in a congress or national assembly, as the United States of America, which elect their president every four years.

96. Political liberty is enjoyed in various degrees, according to the modifications of the government, or the constitution of states.

Obs. 1. In Britain, monarchy, aristocracy, and democracy, are blended; and the powers of the king, the lords, and the commons, have been so modified as to form a reciprocal check to each other; and, therefore, a safeguard against oppression. 2. Aristocracy and democracy are blended in the Swiss

states.

97. According to its extent, population, revenue, naval and military force, and civilization, so do we judge of the strength of any state.

USE OF THE GLOBES.

98. The Terrestrial Globe is a representation of the earth; having the seas and different countries depicted on it, exactly as they lie on the surface of the earth.

99. The central line on which the globe turns, is called its axis; but such axis is only imaginary. The extreme points of the axis are called the poles: the one is the north, or arctic, the other the south, or ant-arctic.

100. Geographers divide the earth into FIVE ZONES; namely, one torrid; two temperate; and two frigid zones.

(1.) The torrid zone extends from the equator to the tropic of Cancer northward, and to the tropic of Capricorn southward; including 23 degrees on

each side of the equator: making, in the whole, forty-seven degrees.

(2.) The two temperate zones lie between the tropics and polar circles, on each side of the equator, being forty-three degrees each; and

(3.) The two frigid zones embrace the regions from the polar circles to the poles, extending in each direction 23 degrees.

101. The earth is supposed to be surrounded with several imaginary circles, which are actually drawn on the artificial globe, or expressed by wooden or brass-work.

102. The EQUATOR is a supposed circle of the earth, equi-distant from both poles, and it divides the globe into two hemispheres, one north and the other south.

103. MERIDIANS are imaginary circles passing from pole to pole, or over head from north to south: and by these longitude is measured. The brass circle is a universal meridian.

104. The ECLIPTIC is a great circle in the heavens, in which the sun, or rather the earth, performs its annual revolution.

The ecliptic is divided into twelve signs, which are marked as follows:

Aries, the Ram;
Taurus, the Bull;

II Gemini, the Twins;

Cancer, the Crab;

8 Leo, the Lion;
my Virgo, the Virgin;

Libra, the Balance;

m Scorpio, the Scorpion;
Sagittarius, the Archer;
Capricornus, the Goat;
Aquarius, the Water-Bearer;
Pisces, the Fishes.

105. These signs refer to stars, among which the sun is seen to pass; but the signs, as well as the ecliptic itself, are drawn on the terrestrial globe,

only for the convenience of working some problems.

106. The TROPICS are two circles, each parallel to, and at 23 degrees distant from, the equator.

107. The POLAR CIRCLES, the arctic and antarctic, are parallel to the tropics, and 23 degrees distant from the poles.

108. The HORIZON is expressed by the upper surface of the wooden circle in which the globe stands, and it divides the globe into two equal parts.

109. The ZENITH of any place is a point in the heavens directly over head, or above that place; and the NADIR is a point opposite to the Zenith.

110. The wooden horizon of the globe is divided into three parts: the innermost is marked with all the letters on the mariner's compass; the next has the names, characters, and figures, of the twelve signs; and the third is a calendar of months and days. By the last two are instantly seen the sign and degree the sun is in, during every day in the

year.

111. The circumference of the earth and heavens is divided into three hundred and sixty degrees, and every degree is divided into sixty minutes. Haif the circumference is one hundred and eighty degrees, and a quarter is ninety degrees.

112. The LATITUDE of any place is its distance from the equator towards either pole, reckoned in degrees and minutes; and it may be ninety degrees north or south.

113. The LONGITUDE of any place is its distance from any particular meridian, as from that of London, or of the British Observatory at Greenwich, near London, or of Paris. The longitude is reckoned