PHYSICAL TRAINING, GEMNASTICS, &c. DENMARK HILL PHYSICAL TRAINING COLLEGE and School of Massage. 41 Alleyn Park, London, S.E. 21. A residential London College, with good provision for Sports' practice. Preparation for the Teachers' Diploma of the Ling Association, and the Certificates of the Chartered Society of Massage, &c. Number of students limited ; non-residents admitted if vacancies occur. CHELSEA FOR WOMEN, (SWEDISH SYSTEM) Principal : S. SKINNER, M.A. (Camb.). THE BERGMAN ÖSTERBERG PHYSICAL TRAINING COLLEGE, (SWEDISH SYSTEM), DARTFORD HEATH, KENT. offers complete Training for Teacher's (FOUNDED in 1885.) Diploma in Swedish Educational Gym- Principal : Miss Eva LETT, Cambridge Med. and Mod. nastics, Medical Gymnastics, and Massage, Lang. Tripos. Vice-Principal : Miss M. H. SPALDING, Dartford and Dancing, Hockey Lacrosse, Cricket, Anstey Physical Training Colleges. Tennis, Net Ball, Swimming, Anatomy, The College stands in its own grounds of 23 acres, Hygiene, Physiology, Theory of Educa- and has accommodation for 120 resident women tion, &c. students. Students not received under 18 years of age. The course of training covers three years, and is based upon Ling's Swedish System. The curriculum THREE YEARS' COURSE, includes Anatomy, Physiology, Hygiene, Theory of For Prospectus apply- The Secretary. Games, Theory of Gymnastics and Principles of Gymnastics is given to those students who show special aptitude for this branch of work. Students (And Affiliated Gymnastic Societies.) practise teaching (under the supervision of the College FOUNDED 1899. Staff) in London secondary schools and in local secondary and elementary schools. Offices : 10 Mecklenburgh Square, London, W.C. 1. For prospectus, &c., application should be made XAMINATIONS held for to the PRINCIPAL'S SECRETARY, at the College. THE LING ASSOCIATION Three Years' Diploma Course of University Standard for women desiring to train as teachers of Physical Education. Application for admission in September, 1926, should be made now. Apply for Prospectus to Miss DorETTE WILKIE (Room 85). Telephones : Kensington 899 and 8007. GARDNER'S PHYSICAL TRAINING COLLEGE, WALLINGTON, SURREY. The Association keeps a list of certified Gymnastic and Games Mistresses, and Medical Gymnasts - and publishes “Good and Bad School Postures,” 55.; Net Ball Rules, 3 d.; Game of Net Ball and How to Play it, 1s. ; Rounders Rules, 3}d. ; Scandinavian Dances (Series I and II), 3 d.; Music to Dances, 8 d.; Folk Dances from Many Lands, Music and Notes, ls. All post free. For these, and Terms of Membership, Conditions of Examinations, Entrance Forms, Syllabus, &c., applications should be made to the Secretary, Miss MARY HANKINSON, THE INCORPORATED BRITISH HE Association is an Examining Complete training, extending over three years, for teachers of Gymnastics in Swedish Educational and Medical Gymnastics, Massage; Aesthetic, Folk, and Ballroom Dancing ; Hockey, Lacrosse, Cricket, Tennis, and Swimming ; Anatomy, Physiology, Hygiene, Theory of Movement, Pathology, &c. Preparation for Ling Association Diploma and other Public Examinations. Principal : Miss M. GARDNER, G.D. (Stockholm) LIVERPOOL PHYSICAL TRAINING COLLEGE, and Officers' Training College for the Girl-Quide Movement (FOUNDED 1900.) The College is divided into two- Junior and Senior--and the Course is from 2 to 3 years. The Swedish system is taken, aiso Rhythmic Exercises, Dancing (all branches), Swimming, Feucing, Sports, and Games. Massage, Remedial Exercises, Hospital Practice Great opportunity for teaching and gaining practical experience. Three gymnasiums. 18 acres of grounds for games. IRENÉ M. MARSH, Principal, QUEEN ALEXANDRA'S HOUSE KENSINGTON GORE, S.W. 7. Principals : The Misses Bra BEDFORD PHYSICAL TRAINING COLLECE. Principal : Miss STANSFELD. The Course of Training extends over three years, An educational centre like Bedford affords special facilities for practice in Teaching and professional coaching in Games, Swimming, and Boating in the summer. Fees : £165 per annum. For Prospectus apply-SECRETARY, 37 Lansdowne Road, Bedford. IT.T.T.T.T.T.T.T.T.T.T.T.T.T.T.T.T.T.T.TIT..T.T.T.T.T.T.T.TT.TTTTTTTTT..T. EDUCATIONAL ADVANCEMENT ABROAD SHAW. These Articles review the many changes that have been made during the last few years in the Educational Systems of the World. “WORLD EDUCATION.” By Prof. F. J. C. HEARN- “ CANADA.'' By Dr. E. A. HARDY. (June, 1924.) (January, 1924.) 6 SCANDINAVIA." By PER SKANTZ, (July, 1924.) * THE DEMOCRATIC ELEMENT IN FRENCH • GERMANY." By ELIZABETH ROTTEN. (August, 1924.) EDUCATION.” By CLOUDESLEY BRERETON. (February, 1924.) “ REFORMS IN ITALY.” By Prof. PIERO RÉBONA. “ REFORMS IN AUSTRIA." By Prof. M. C. SCHMIDT. (September, 1924.) (March, 1924.) “JAPAN.” By J. H. NICHOLSON. (October, 1924.) “ THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.” By “ AUSTRALIA. By E. R. GARNSEY, B.A. (Sydney). Prof. JOHN ADAMS. (April, 1924.) (November, 1924.) “ REFORMS IN HOLLAND." By P. A. Diels. “ INDIA." By M. R. PARANJPE, M.A., B.Sc. (May, 1924.) (December, 1924.) London : Mr. WILLIAM RICE, Three Ludgate Broadway, E.C. 4 TTTTTTTTTTTTTT ITTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT "ITTE CLOUGH'S FOR FROEBEL A Clough's Student writes, Jan. 1925— I have much pleasure in informing you that due to the excellent coaching of Clough's Correspondence College, I have changed (Class Teaching and Hand (Class Teaching 2 FAILURES work) under another to College, This student also gained 3 First Classes at the Dec., 1925, Exam. Write for latest success sheet. { 2 DISTINCTIONS dood work) with OXFORD AND CAMBRIDGE LOCALS (a) JUNIOR LOCAL (6) SCHOOL CERTIFICATE December, Credits (in History, Botany, English, Welsh, and Religious Knowledge). I am 1925 greatly indebted to you for your excellent Tuition.” ir Students sitting for School Certific. in 1927 who are weak in Language should study French, and take, as a first step, our Preliminary Course in that subject. Classes also for P.T., PRELIM. CERTIF., CERTIFICATE (Acting Teachers and Training College), MATRICULATION, INTER. ARTS and SCIENCE, L.L.A., &c. Posts Vacant POSTS ABROAD consult the Continental Secretary of the Girls' Friendly Society, Townsend House, Greycoat Place, London, S.W.1, before accepting any post abroad. Apply by letter, enclosing stamped addressed envelope. A small charge is made for verification. ENGLISH TEACHER Capable gentleman, with University education, desired by German private school, to teach English to middle and higher classes (written and spoken language, literature, history, &c.) Knowledge of German desirable, but not essential.-Apply by letter giving full particulars to The BACHSCHMIDTSCHULE zu OSNABRUECK (Hanover), Germany. POSTS VACANT-continued POSTS VACANT-continued MISTRESS-SHIPS CITY OF CARDIFF EDUCATION SCHOLASTIC, CLERICAL, AND MEDICAL ASSOCIATION, LTD. THE above Association is in a position to offer to well qualified ladies and gentlemen first-rate Scholastic Appointments in all parts of the country. Candidates should write with full particulars as to age, qualifications, experience, &c., &c., to GENERAL MANAGER, 12 Stratford Place, Oxford Street, W. 1. No charge for registration. SHANGHAL MUNICIPAL HEADSHIPS . HOWARD GARDENS MUNICIPAL SECONDARY GIRLS' SCHOOL. JUNIOR FORM MISTRESS (Graduate) required to commence duties on April 19, 1926. Subjects : Mathematics, Geography, English, training or experience desirable. Salary in accordance with New Burnham Award (Provincial Scale). Application Forms (to be returned by February 19, 1926) may be obtained from the undersigned. JOHN J. JACKSON, Director of Education, City Hall, Cardiff. EADINGTON School, Oxford. An English Mistress, Oxford Honours and experience essential, for Summer term. Salary according to degree and experience. --Apply, HEAD MISTRESS. ENSINGTON High School, HEA , PUBLIC SCHOOL FOR GIRLS. Messrs. JOHN POOK & Co., 68 Fenchurch Street, London, E.C. 3. in September next, Senior Mathematical Mistress, Camb. Tripos and experience essential. Burnham Scale.—Apply to the HEADMISTRESS. Continued on page 77 ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM. By C. L. REYNOLDS, M.A., Headmaster, Nottingham High School. Ready end of February. (Bell's Natural Science Series, In recent years the teaching of electricity and magnetism has undergone very marked changes, due in large measure to the fact that, with the present widespread use of electricity, the old academic method of presentment was felt to be out of touch with the realities of daily life. Mr. Reynolds has worked out, at Dartmouth and at Rugby, a scheme which, while it satisfactorily covers all the academic work required for examination purposes, at the same time presents the subject in such a way that the pupils realize that they are learning something about "real" electricity and magnetism. ALGEBRA FOR SCHOOLS, Part II. By JOHN MILNE, M.A., Lecturer at the Aberdeen Training Centre, and J. W. ROBERTSON, M.A., B.Sc., Head of the Maths. Dept., Aberdeen Grammar School. With or without answers, 2s. 6d. (Bell's Mathematical Series. The range of Part II is from Harder Factors to the Binomial Theorem and Approximations. Part I (price 2s.6d., or with answers, 3s.) is already in its third edition. The work is intended for those who require a concise algebra on modern lines, but yet retaining the best features of the older text-books. The price of the two parts bound together is 5s., with or without answers. SMITH'S ELEMENTARY CHEMISTRY. Revised and re-written by JAMES KENDALL, Professor of Chemistry, Columbia University. Adapted for use in British Schools by H. A. WOOTTON, M.A. 458 pp. 15 plates and go text figures. 55. An entirely new edition of Prof. Smith's well-known rk, which has long been recognized as a standard introductory book. This book, like the original edition, insists first and foremost on a logical presentation of the subject and a thorough grounding in fundamental theory, STATE AND COMMONS. An Introductory History of the British Commonwealth. To be completed in three volumes. Now ready : Volume I (to 1485). By H. ALLSOPP, B.A. 2s. 3d. In this new history for lower forms an attempt is made to give an all-round view of our national development. To do this in an interesting and striking way the plan has been adopted of viewing each movement first from the point of view of the rulers--the State : and then from that of the ruled--the people as a whole. In this way social and industrial movements are placed in their proper setting against a political background, LIVING THINGS. By A. BAILEY-CHURCHILL, B.A. Illustrated. Limp cloth. 2s. (Bell's Natural Science Series. This book of elementary Nature Study is intended for pupils in Preparatory Schools or the lower forms of Secondary Schools. It embodies some of the suggestions set out by the British Association in their report on the teaching of Science. EUROPE. By J. THOMAS, M.A. Fully illustrated. 29. 6d. With the publication of this volume Messrs. Bell's well-known series of " Explorer Geographies " is complete. Previously issued : THE AMERICAS (39.), AFRICA AND AUSTRALASIA (35.), ASIA (25. 6d.) “ Presents the subject in such a fascinating manner that study becomes itself a delightful exploration."—Teachers' World. G. BELL & SONS, LTD., York House, Portugal Street, W.C.2 , , PAGE 81 ON 90 AT IOI B.A.; * Decorative Art, by A. Shuttleworth and The CONTENTS that the cost of elementary education rose from £25,608,000 in 1913–14 to £57,500,000 (estimated) in COST AND SERVICE IN EDUCATION 1925-26, the corresponding figures for higher education OCCASIONAL NOTES 82 being £4,403,000 and £11,250,000. Or, putting it in Miss Rosa BASSETT: AN APPRECIATION 88 another way, the cost of elementary education per head, EXCHANGE OF ENGLISH AND FRENCH Boys. BY THE based on average attendance, has risen from £4 15s. 2d. Rev. Dr. J. A. NAIRN 89 to £11 55. gd., an increase of £6 1os. 7d. The greater cost of teachers' salaries accounts for seventy-eight per A TERM-TIME CAMP ROMNEY MARSH. By cent of this increase. Of the other items, loan charges S. ELFORD, M.A. requires lis. 8d. per pupil per annum. As thirty-six per A COURSE IN EDICATIONAL ADMINISTRATION cent of the pupils in attendance are in non-provided LEEDS UNIVERSITY 92 schools, no loan charges are incurred in respect of these, PERSONAL PARAGRAPHS. BY ONLOOKER 94 so that the nation obtains over one-third of its elementary SCHOOLS AND UNIVERSITIES OF GREAT BRITAIN. school accommodation at no cost on the ground of II.-PRIMARY SCHOOLS. BY DR. P. B. BALLARD 99 capital expenditure. But many buildings are unsatisCORRESPONDENCE factory. Nearly one thousand of these have been Essays : A Defence of the Examiner, by P. H. Prideaux, condemned by the Board, and, if the children are to be Writer of the Note; Scouting and the Universities, by properly housed, the State must anticipate an increase A. E. Wheeler, M.A.; The Reform of Spelling, by G. F. rather than a decrease under this head. The cost of Bridge, M.A. FOREIGN AND DOMINION NOTES Special Services, including school medical services, 103 REVIEWS provision of meals, special schools for defective children, 104 organization of physical training, evening play centres, MINOR NOTICES AND BOOKS OF THE MONTH.. 105 and nursery schools, has risen from 35. 4d. to Ios. 9d. per PRIZE COMPETITIONS 114 head. Of course the actual cost per head of those actually EDUCATIONAL ASSOCIATIONS IN CONFERENCE 127 dealt with is more than this; indeed, it is about twice the TEACHERS' SUPERANNUATION—THE ACT OF 1925. cost of a normal child in an elementary school. FurtherBY H. G. PASCOE, B.A. .. 135 more, only about half the afflicted children are as yet VARIA 136 cared for. The rest are either in the ordinary schools with THE POSITION OF WELSH IN THE EDUCATIONAL IN normal children or are running about the streets. Medical inspection and treatment, too, is still far from being STITUTIONS OF WALES 137 TOPICS AND EVENTS complete, and the conclusion is reached that it can 138 hardly be argued that too great an expenditure is UNIVERSITY AND SCHOOL HOLIDAYS AND FUNCTIONS 138 incurred upon the school medical service. The cost of FREE PUBLIC LECTURES 142 administration is about four-and-a-half per cent of the total net expenditure, and taking into consideration the need for expert assistance in running large business Cost and Service in Education departments such as a stores department, providing the schools with over 7,000 different commodities, it is not Mr. Spurley Hey, the Director of Education for thought that this item can be reduced. Manchester, has performed a distinct service, not only On the question of teachers' salaries, Mr. Spurley Hey to educationists but to the general public, by issuing a points out that there is a national agreement in operation pamphlet entitled “Value for Money in Education." for the next six years, and that salaries cannot in any In these days, when the question as to whether an honourable way be reduced either by the Loca adequate return is being received for the money which is Authorities or the Board of Education. There is, being spent on education is being insistently asked, it is moreover, a demand for more trained teachers and for altogether to the good that such an authority as Mr. smaller classes, demands which are not unreasonable if Spurley Hey, who, because of the position he holds, is material progress is to be made. It is therefore difficult obliged to keep a watchful eye on every item of the to see how increased expenditure is to be avoided. educational expenditure of a great city, should set down The critics argue either that aggregate expenditure dispassionately some of the facts which will enable the must be reduced on the ground that the country cannot ordinary man to form a considered judgment. afford to spend so much, or that a better return must be Mr. řey refers at the outset to traditional misgivings. looked for from existing expenditure. From what has The school of thought which opposed State control of already been said, it is difficult to see how aggregate elementary education still has its adherents. Voluntary expenditure can be reduced. Salaries constitute schools have been placed upon the rates. The school seventy-two per cent of total expenditure, and salaries leaving age has been raised. The education rate has in are a matter of national bargain and their payment a some areas risen to 35. or 4s. in the pound. though fifty matter of national honour.” Indeed, conditions require years ago Mr. Forster expressed the view that it would additional expenditure if standards are to be maintained probably never exceed 3d. When to this is added the or improved. As regards the cry for a better return from feeling which still survives in the minds of some of the existing expenditure, Mr. Hey wisely says that education descendants of the privileged classes of past centuries, is a movement in which the outlay is measured in terms that extended education should be limited to the few of cash, the results in terms of humanity. It is not who are of outstanding ability, it is not difficult to possible either to prove or disprove the statement that understand why the advance in the cost of education the nation is not getting an adequate return for its has been met with persistent criticism. outlay. But what can be done is to point out that, Some well-known facts are then given, as, for example, taken by itself, the charge that the cost of education has • Thomas Hope, Educational Publisher, Manchester. enormously increased is most misleading. In 1870 educa a a Price 60, tion was a voluntary and non-State service; there were reduced facilities would not be tolerated. Indeed, he no Board or Council schools ; there were only 2,000,000 carries the war into the enemy's camp by giving figures children in the schools ; many children were in no school to show the cash value of health. He has a word to at all; and in many schools the education was not say to the business man who thinks that the elementary worth having. Nowadays there are nearly 9,000 school should prepare children for specific business Council elementary schools, the school population is five requirements, forgetful of the fact that these vary and three-quarter millions, and the average attendance widely. His final conclusions, with which most is about eighty-nine per cent. thoughtful people will agree, are that there is no common In 1870 child labour was available before ten years of basis upon which a comparison of outlay and return can age, and there was no medical provision at all in the be properly made. Thus the question becomes one of schools. Do the cricics, asks Mr. Spurley Hey, wish to opinion, and opinion ought to be based on accurate return to the conditions of 1870 ? He quotes Mr. Fisher knowledge. It is not the least of Mr. Spurley Hey's as saying that education is the eternal debt maturity services to education that he has here set forth many owes to youth, and expresses his profound belief that'facts on which to base a just view of the question. Occasional Notes R. BALDWIN, in his presidential address to the whole-heartedly in our English decentralized system of , local education authorities, and stood as strongly for January last, paid an excellent tribute to the value of local as for central responsibility. Only by insistence on classics in the lives of other than the idea of common responsibility rather than that of Classios and classical scholars. While disclaiming antagonistic rights should we find a solution to stand tho Plain Man. any comparison with such scholar- the test of time. politicians as Lord Haldane, Lord Balfour, or the Farl of Oxfordof whom, incidentally, he spoke in glowing | THE liveliest discussion of the Conference was proterms-Mr. Baldwin yet produced a very convincing voked by Prof. Strong's paper, in which he recomimpression of the high service which he had found the mended the formation of " secondary departments " in classics render to him in his own political life. He found, primary schools for two-thirds of the for example, in them an almost Aristotelean purgation Secondary Departments. of the soul from the filth and twaddle of electioneering, residue of pupils aged 11t, after the secondary schools had creamed-off the but he insisted chiefly upon the value of classics to best twenty-five per cent. The directors of education ordinary men and women, among whom our present fell upon this proposal from several points of view. One Prime Minister loves to rank himself. And that value characterized the so-called “ secondary departments he found to be beyond everything else the moral integrity as a pretence and a prostitution of the term "secondary which was fostered by a classical education. Simplicity education," and he preferred the present central schools, and sincerity in the use of words, honesty of purpose which Prof. Strong had described as places of inferior and a love of straightforward dealing - these were status. Another regretted this new use of the term amongst the chief of the good results to be attributed to secondary," because after much labour the public had a classical training. No one-of whatever political been got to recognize that the minimum school-leaving party-would ever doubt Mr. Baldwin's sincerity, and age for the secondary stage is 16, or possibly 17 or 18. it is interesting to find him attributing those sterling A third pointed out the impossibility of giving advanced qualities, which we all admire so much in him, to precisely education in schools built to accommodate pupils up to that classical education which, in spite of much adverse II years of age, especially in rural areas, where many criticism of recent years, has after all been for genera- schools contained fewer than 100 pupils altogether. tions the dominating factor in the building up of the While it must be admitted that many experiments are British character. being made in different directions, yet it is time that those in authority should mould a more definite policy ' HE presidential address of Sir Amherst Selby-Bigge for the education of children from 11 to 15. at the recent North of England Education Conference was entitled in the Balance of Central and Local AN interesting discussion on School Examinations in , “ in the Public of Central and Education, and Local Authority a thoughtful Association revealed a strong consensus of opinion in Education. essay on the proper relation between against practical examinations, at any the Board of Education and the Local Sohool Science rate so far as the first school examinaEducation Authorities. He described the process of and tion is concerned. One obvious solution Examinations. development as a movement from patronage to joint of the real difficulty is for the examining responsibility, from dole or subsidy to partnership, bodies periodically to inspect the schools and assure which he regarded as the ideal relation. But as one of themselves that adequate practical work is carried on. the partners was many-headed, having in fact 318 heads We believe this is the method adopted by the Northern of different sizes, capacities, and complexions, there Universities Joint Board and by London. In any case remained a good deal of incoherence, in spite of the the custom of making schools take a practical examinagrowing tendency to unite for consultation and dis- tion without the presence of the examiner is most cussion, which the Board welcomed. Referring to the unsatisfactory, and instances can be cited where the teachers as the third party, Sir Amherst said that it practical work has been badly done but excellent reports depended on them whether the community benefited obtained because the examiners judged by the written in full measure by the services provided. He believed work sent in. Attention was directed to the poor was |