cular application of the foregoing theory to the phænomena of ideas, or of understanding, affection, memory, and imagination. The fourth chapter treats of the rise and gradual increase of the pleasures and pains of imagination, ambition, self-interest, sympathy, theopathy, and the moral sense; and endeavours to shew how far those are agreeable to the foregoing theory. A short conclusion follows these chapters, containing some remarks on the mechanism of the human mind. The most difficult and intricate part of this theory is the doctrine of vibrations; which the author endeavours to establish and illustrate by much laborious and ingenious reasoning, as well as anatomical disquisitions. Able physiologists, however, have contended that his hypothesis is untenable, because built on false assumptions; and among others the learned Haller. That celebrated anatomist maintains, that it attributes properties to the nerves and to the medullary substance of the brain, &c. totally incompatible with the nature of those substances; that the nerves are not irritable, and that no art can produce vibrations in them; and that the medullary substance of the brain, &c. from its being soft, pulpy, and unelastic, is entirely unfitted for being put into a vibratory state. To these considerations he To these considerations he has added a variety of arguments, which the reader may find in the place referred to at the end of this article, and which will assist him in forming his judgment respecting the probable truth or falsehood of the doctrine of vibrations.

The second part of Dr. Hartley's work contains his system of moral and religious knowledge, and is intended to shew, that though the doctrines of association and mechanism do make some alterations in the method of reasoning in religion, yet they are far from lessening either the evidences for it, the comfort and joy of religious persons, or the fears of irreligious ones. This part consists, like the preceding, of four chapters and a conclusion. The first chapter is employed in deducing, upon the foundation of the author's observations on the frame and connection of the body and mind, and upon the other phænomena of nature, the evidences for the being and attributes of God, and the general truths of natural religion. In the second chapter, laying down all these as a new foundation, the author deduces the evidences for revealed religion. The third chapter is employed on an enquiry into the rule of life, and the particular applications of it, which result from the frame of our natures, the dictates of natural religion, and the precepts of

the Scriptures taken together, compared with, and casting light upon, each other. The fourth chapter is devoted to an enquiry into the genuine doctrines of natural and revealed religion thus illustrated, and concerning the expectations of mankind, here and hereafter, in consequence of their observance or violation of the rule of life. The conclusion consists of admonitory remarks on the principles and manners of the times, intending to assist in stemming the. torrent of vice and impiety, and to protract the life of the body politic. Such are the contents of a work which, whatever may be the ultimate opinion respecting the author's physiological system, will ever be considered as a performance of the first-rate importance and value, by the advocates for the doctrines of philosophical necessity and the mechanism of the human mind, and by those who maintain that all mankind will finally be rendered happy, and that the punishments of a future state, by being remedial, will contribute to that desirable event. The most valuable edition of it was published in 1791, in quarto, with notes and additions to the second part, translated from the German of the rev. Herman Andrew Pistorius, rector of Poseritz in the island of Rugen, and a sketch of the life and character of the author, by his son, David Hartley. Dr. Hartley lived about nine years after the publication of this work, during which time no thoughts appear to have occurred, from his own reflections, or from the suggestions of others, by which he was induced to make any alteration in it; and he left behind him no additional paper on the subject whatsoever. He died at Bath in 1757, at the age of fifty-two years. years. We cannot better conclude this article, than by the insertion of the latter part of his son's tribute of pious affection to his memory.

The philosophical character of Dr. Hartley is delineated in his works. The features of his private and personal character were of the same complexion. It may with peculiar propriety be said of him, that the mind was the man. His thoughts were not immersed in worldly pursuits or contentions, and therefore his life was not eventful or turbulent, but placid and undisturbed by passion or violent ambition. From his earliest youth his mental ambition was preoccupied by pursuits of science. His hours of amusement were likewise bestowed upon objects of taste and sentiment. Music, poetry, and history, were his favourite recreations. His imagination was fertile and correct, his language and expression fluent and forcible. His natural temper was gay, cheerful, and sociable. He was addicted to no vice in any part of his life,

neither to pride, nor to sensuality, nor intemperance, nor ostentation, nor envy, nor to any sordid self-interest; but his heart was replete with every contrary virtue. The virtuous principles which are instilled in his works, were the invariable and decided principles of his life and conduct. His person was of the middle size and well proportioned. His complexion fair, his features regular and handsome, his countenance open, ingenuous, and animated. He was peculiarly neat in his person and attire. He was an early riser, and punctual in the employments of the day; methodical in the order and disposition of his library, papers, and writings, as the companions of his thoughts, but without any pedantry, either in these habits, or in any other part of his character. His behaviour was polite, easy, and graceful; but that which made his address peculiarly engaging, was the benevo lence of heart from which that politeness flowed. He never conversed with a fellow-creature without feeling a wish to do him good. He considered the moral end of our creation to consist in the performance of the duties of life attached to each particular station, to which all other considerations ought to be inferior and subordinate, and consequently that the rule of life consists in training and adapting our faculties, through the means of moral habits and associations, to that end. In this he was the faithful disciple of his own theory, and by the observance of it he avoided the tumult of wordly vanities and their disquietudes, and preserved his mind in serenity and vigour, to perform the duties of life with fidelity, and without distraction. His whole character was eminently and uniformly marked by sincerity of heart, simplicity of manners, and manly innocence of mind.”

Dr. Hartley is said to have written in defence of inoculation for the small-pox, against the objections of Dr. Warren, of Bury St. Edmund's; and some papers of his are to be met with in the Philosophical Transactions. Haller informs us, that several letters from him, in correspondence with Morand, were inserted in a "Collection" printed at Paris in 1740, 12mo. He was principally instrumental in procuring for Mrs. Stephens the five thousand pounds granted by parliament, for discovering the composition of her medicine for the stone. In 1738 he published "Observations made on ten Persons who have taken the Medicament of Mrs. Stephens," octavo; which were followed in 1739, with his "View of the present Evidence for and against Mrs. Stephens's Medicine as a Solvent for the Stone, containing one Hundred and fifty-five Cases, with some Experi

ments and Observations," octavo; and a Supplement to the "View of the present Evidence, &c." octavo. His own case is the 123d in the above-mentioned View; but notwithstanding any temporary relief which he might receive from the medicine, he is said to have died of the stone, after having taken above two hundred pounds weight of soap, which is the principal ingredient in its composition. In the Gentleman's Magazine for February, 1746, Dr. Hartley published, with his name, "Directions for preparing and administering Mrs. Stephens's Medicine in a solid Form." Sketch of the Life of Dr. Hartley prefixed to the edition of his "Observations," printed in 1791. Annual Register, 1775Haller's Elementa Physiologia, vol. IV. sect. viii. Art. Conjecture, §. iv.-M.

HARTMAN, JOHN-ADOLPHUS, a learned German professor of philosophy and history in the eighteenth century, was born at Munster, in the year 1680. As his parents were of the catholic persuasion, he was educated in their principles, and entered when young into the Society of Jesus. In the year 1715 he renounced the papal communion, and united himself to the Calvinists at Cassel; soon after which he was appointed professor of philosophy, and of poetry. In the year 1722 he was created professor of history and eloquence at Marpurg, at which place he died in the year 1744. most esteemed of his works are," Historia Hassiaca," in three volumes; "Vitæ Pontificum Romanorum Victoris III. Urbani II. Paschalis II. Gelasii II. Calisti II. Honorii II. ;"" The State of the Sciences in Hesse ;" and "Præcepta Eloquentiæ Rationalis," &c. Besides his larger works, he published more than eighty academic dissertations. Nouv. Dict. Hist.-M.

The

HARTMAN, GEORGE, a German mathematician who flourished in the sixteenth century. In the year 1540 he invented what is called the artillery staff, Baculus bombardicus, for the use of engineers. He was also the author of a "Treatise on Perspective," of which Pasquier du Hamel published an improved edition at Paris, in 1556, quarto. Moreri.—M.

HARTSOEKER, NICHOLAS, an eminent Dutch mathematician and natural philosopher in the seventeenth and the beginning of the eighteenth century, was born at Gouda in Holland, in the year 1656. His father, who was a remonstrant minister, intended to educate him to his own profession; but young Hartsoeker's early inclination led him to the study of the works of nature, and his principal pleasure sisted in contemplating the stars and and in consulting all the almanace

which, on account of its rarity, he never would part with.

In the latter end of the year 1679 M. Hartsoeker returned to Holland, where he entered into the marriage state; and in 1684 he came to Paris a second time, accompanied by his wife, and continued there for twelve years before he again revisited his native country. While he was at that city he published, in 1694, "An Essay on Dioptrics," quarto, containing a perspicuous demonstration of the whole theory of that science, as far as it is conversant about spherical glasses, together with the first principles of natural philosophy, accompanied with some singular notions and fanciful hypotheses relative to the elements of natural bodies, primitive animals, &c. This work procured M. Hartsoeker the esteem of many men of learning, particularly father Mallebranche and the Marquis de l'Hospital. Encouraged by the success of his Dioptrics, in 1696 our author published his "Principles of Natural Philosophy," quarto, in which he explains at large the system he had before given in miniature, adding to it his own sentiments and those of many others on some subjects which he had not before introduced. After M. Hartsoeker's return into Holland, on the revival of the Royal Academy of Sciences at Paris, in 1699, he was nominated a foreign associate, and soon afterwards was chosen a member of the Royal Society at Berlin. When in the course of his travels the czar Peter I. had arrived at Amsterdam, and desired the magistrates of that city to recommend to him a person well qualified to assist him in his mathematical and philosophical studies, M. Hartsoeker was the person whom they pitched upon; and so acceptable did he prove to that monarch, that he would willingly have carried his tutor with him into his own dominions. The length of the journey, however, and the vast difference between the Russian manners and those of the people among whom he had hitherto lived, determined him to decline the proposals which the czar made to him. The magistrates of Amsterdam, as an acknowledgment of the honour which he had done to their choice on this occasion, and as a compliment for the preference which he had shewn for his native country, erected a small observatory for him on one of the bastions of that city. In the year 1704, after three years' solicitation by the elector palatine John William, he repaired to the court of that prince, by whom he was appointed his first mathematician, and honorary professor of philosophy in the university of Heidelberg. In the years 1607 and 1608 he published, in two

volumes quarto, the lectures which he had given to the elector palatine, under the title of "Physical Conjectures" a work in the same taste with the pieces already mentioned, and in many parts borrowed from them.

Mr. Hartsocker, after the publication of these volumes, set out on a visit to the learned in other parts of Germany, and at Hesse-Cassel was tempted by liberal offers to enter into the service of the landgrave, but without effect. At Hanover he met with a gracious_reception from the elector, afterwards George I. of England, and from the electoral princess, to whom he was presented by M. Leibnitz. Upon his return to the court of the elector palatine, that prince, who had heard of the burning-glass constructed by M. Tschirnhausen, applied to our author to make one of the same kind; upon which he caused three to be cast in the glasshouse at Newburg, and having soon finished them, was presented by the elector with the largest, which was three feet and five inches Rhinland measure in diameter, with a focus of nine feet. In the year 1710 he published a volume entitled "Eclaircissements sur les Conjectures Physiques," containing auswers to objections to his "Physical Conjectures," most of which he attributes to M. Leibnitz; and two years afterwards another volume, by way of sequel to it, which in 1722 was followed by a collection of several separate pieces on the same subjects. In these works he attacked, with an unbecoming virulence, several names of the highest respectability in the republic of letters; neither Newton, nor Leibnitz, nor Huygens, nor the other members of the Academy of Sciences at Paris, escaping his animadversions. In the second of these volumes he maintains the doctrine of plastic souls, which is not unlike Dr. Cudworth's system, excepting that it attributes intelligence to its plastic natures. But M. Hartsoeker, not content with attributing these intelligent plastic souls to men and animals, endeavours to revive the exploded notions of the ancient philosophy, and gives them to plants, and even to the celestial bodies. Upon the death of the elector palatine in 1716, Mr. Hartsoeker quitted the palatine court, and was again invited into the service of the landgrave of Hesse; but he preferred a more independent life, and removed to Utrecht, where he undertook a course of natural philosophy. He died in that city in 1725, when he was about sixty-nine years was about sixty-nine years of age. M. Fontenelle says of him, that he was lively, facetious, obliging, and of an easy temper which false friends often abused; which qualities are the

best apology for the excesses into which a spirit of criticism, too often apt to degenerate into ill-nature, has hurried him in many of his works. After his death, in 1730, his "Course of Natural Philosophy" was published at the Hague, in quarto, accompanied with several separate treatises in physics, and a critical extract of the most curious and useful observations from the Letters of Leeuwenhoeck. Moreri. Martin's Phil. Brit.-M.

HARTZEIN, JOSEPH, a learned German Jesuit who flourished in the eighteenth century, was descended from a patrician family at Cologne, and born in that city in the year 1694. After having taught the belles-lettres in the seminaries of his order, he went to Milan, to study theology, and filled the chair of professor of the Greek and Hebrew languages in that city. From Milan he went to Rome, and the other principal cities of Italy, where he contracted an intimacy with the men most eminent for their talents and learning, and particularly with Muratori. Upon his return to his native place, he discharged the duties of confessor, preacher, and professor of philosophy and theology; and during ten years officiated as interpreter of the Scriptures, publishing annually dissertations which were very favourably received by the learned world. Father Schannat, a learned ecclesiastic, and author of "Historia Episcopatus Wormatiensis," having formed the design of publishing "A Collection of the Councils of the Church of Germany," and having procured materials for that work, from the fourth to the thirteenth century, was cut off by death before he was enabled to digest them into proper order for being sent to the press, and to accompany them with the necessary illustrative remarks. This laborious task father Hartzein was persuaded to undertake, and published the first four volumes at Cologne, in folio. He had also prepared the fifth volume for publication, when his labours were terminated by a stroke of apoplexy, in the year 1763. This work was afterwards continued by father Herman Scholl, of the same society with our author, who published the fifth, sixth, seventh, and eighth, volumes, but fell a sacrifice to his exertions in 1768. The finishing hand was given to it by father Giles Neissen, who published the ninth and the tenth volumes, and added an index to the whole, in 1774. At the commencement of the fifth volume we are presented with a list of the other labours of father Hartzein, of which the principal are, "Summa Historiæ omnis ab Exordio Rerum ad Annum a Christo Nato," 1718, 18mo; "De Initio Metropoleos Colo

"In

niæ, &c. Disquisitio," 1732, quarto; scriptionis Herfellensis Urbis Romanæ," 1745, octavo; "Bibliotheca Scriptorum Coloniensium," 1747, folio; "Dissertationes X. Histo rico-critica in Sacram Scripturam," folio. Nouv. Dict. Hist.-M.

HARVEY, WILLIAM, a physician and anatomist, who has merited a place in the first class of discoverers, was the eldest son of a person of good family and reputable condition at Folkstone in Kent, where he was born April 1, 1578. He received his grammar-education at a school in Canterbury, and in 1593 was admitted a pensioner of Gonville and Caius college, Cambridge. After spending five or six years in academical studies, he went abroad for professional improvement, visited France and Germany, and fixed himself at the university of Padua, then in the height of its reputation for medical studies. He attended the lectures of Hieron. Fabricius in anatomy, of Casserius in surgery, and of Minadous in the practice of medicine. He took his doctor's degree at this place in 1602, and then returning to England, repeated his graduation at Cambridge, and settled in the practice of his profession in London. In 1604 he married the daughter of Lancelot Browne, M.D. by whom he had no issue. In due time he became a fellow of the college of physicians, and was elected physician to St. Bartholomew's hospital. His appointment to read the college lectures of anatomy and surgery in 1615, was the incident immediately produc tive of the most memorable circumstance of his life-the publication of his grand discovery of the circulation of the blood. With respect to the date of this event, the index of his MS. "De Anatomia universa," containing the propositions on which the doctrine is founded, refers them to April, 1616; but the year 1619 is usually represented as the time of his first open disclosure of his opinions on this head. There has been much controversy concerning Harvey's real share in this fundamental discovery; and. after his antagonists had attempted to overthrow his doctrine (a certain proof that it was to them. a novelty), they used all their efforts to deprive him of the merit of it, by ascribing the knowledge of the circulation to many preceding writers. The true state of the case is, according to Haller, that the lesser circulation, through the lungs, was previously known to several; that of the greater, there are slight notices in the works of Casalpinus; but that no one before Harvey had demonstrated the truth by convincing experiments and reasonings, and that the general opinion on this part of the animal