the year 1571. In the preceding year he had been admitted a doctor of the faculty of the Sorbonne. From this time he devoted himself more particularly to the work of the ministry, and acquired high reputation by his pulpit services. The fame of his great popularity occasioned his being invited to Orleans, in 1572, where he spent the remainder of his life. During the troubles with which France was agitated in his time, he was one of the most enthusiastic and furious opponents of the court. By his seditious sermons, and by the confraternities which he set on foot, of the Name of Jesus, and the Cordon of St. Francis, he effectually attached the mob of Orleans to the interests of the League. He died in that city, in the year 1591. After his death, the infatuated partisans of that cause venerated him as a saint, and were accustomed to call him a "second Paul;" and some of them, in the heighth of their fanaticism, would maintain, that the good father Hylaret and the Guises formed a second Trinity in heaven. He was the author of a number of "Homilies," in Latin, published at different times at Paris and Lyons, in five volumes octavo, of which the titles may be seen in Moreri. They reflect no credit on the taste, judgment, or knowledge of the author; and are only entitled to notice as exhibiting curious specimens of the gross indecencies, and ridiculous apocryphal tales, which could recommend a preacher to popular audiences in our author's time. Moreri. Nouv. Dict. Hist.-M. HYPATIA, a female philosopher of the Eclectic sect, whose extensive learning, elegant manners, and tragical end, have rendered her name immortal, was the daughter of Theon, a celebrated mathematician of Alexandria, and flourished towards the close of the fourth, and in the early part of the fifth century. As she exhibited early proofs that she possessed an acute and penetrating judgment, and great fertility of genius, her talents were cultivated with assiduity by her father, and other preceptors. Besides being educated in all the qualifications belonging to her sex, and made mistress of the different branches of polite learning, she became most intimately conversant in the sciences of geometry and astronomy, as far as they were then understood. Afterwards she entered upon the study of philosophy, which she prosecuted with such uncommon success, that, according to the testimony of Socrates the ecclesiastical historian, she excelled all the philosophers of her time. So high was the reputation which she acquired, that she was strongly solicited to become a public

preceptress in the school where Ammonius, Hierocles, and other great and celebrated philosophers, had taught. Such was her love of science, that it enabled her so far to subdue the natural diffidence of her sex, that she yielded to the public voice, and exchanged her female decorations for the philosopher's cloak. In the schools, and other places of public resort, she discoursed upon philosophical topics, explaining, and endeavouring to reconcile the systems of Plato, Aristotle, and other masters. Her fame soon became so extended, that persons who made philosophy their delight and study, crowded to Alexandria from all parts. She was distinguished by a ready elocution, and graceful address; which, united with rich erudition and sound judgment, procured her as many admirers as she had auditors. Among other scholars who attended her instructions was Synesius, afterwards bishop of Ptolemais in Africa, and one of the most eminent Christian Platonists of the fifth century, who in all his epistles lavishes on her the highest praises. She was held in respect and admiration, however, not only by those who formed her auditories in the schools, but by the most eminent characters in Alexandria, of all ranks and orders, and was frequently consulted by the magistrates in cases of importance. What reflects the highest honour on her memory is, that she was not intoxicated by the court that was paid to her from all quarters; that, though she excelled most of the philosophers of her age in mathematical and philosophical science, she discovered no pride of learning; and though she was in personexceedingly beautiful, she never yielded to the impulse of female vanity, or gave occasion to the slightest suspicion against her chastity.

With a person possessed of such extraordinary accomplishments and virtues, it would be the pride of the most illustrious characters in Alexandria to become acquainted. Accordingly, her house became the general resort of persons of learning and distinction. But it was impossible that so much merit should not excite envy; and unhappily, the qualifications and attainments to which she was indebted for her celebrity, proved in the issue the occasion of her destruction. At that time Orestes, a man of a liberal education, and intimately acquainted with Hypatia, whom he frequently consulted, was governor of Alexandria; and Cyril, a bishop of great authority, but haughty, violent, and intolerant in the highest degree, filled the patriarchal chair of that city. This prelate, in the vehemence of his bigotted zeal, was guilty of an unpardonable stretch of ecclesiastical

power, in encouraging the populace to plunder the property of the Jews, and in forcibly expelling them from Alexandria. Orestes, resenting his ambitious and oppressive conduct, laid the affair before the emperor; and Cyril, on his part, complaining of the seditious temper of the Jews, endeavoured to justify his proceedings. As on this occasion the emperor declined to interpose his authority, Alexandria became a scene of frequent tumults and contests between the supporters of the rival claims of the governor and bishop. In our life of the latter we have given an account of an attack made by the monks of his party on the person of the governor, from which he narrowly escaped with life; and of the respect which Cyril ordered to be paid to the remains of one of their ringleaders, who was apprehended, and racked to death. These circumstances rendered the bishop and governor irreconcileable enemies. We have already observed that the latter was intimately acquainted with Hypatia; and it appears that at this time she had frequent conferences with him. This intimacy now became a ground of jealousy and envy to Cyril, who could not bear that his rival should have it in his power to avail himself of her wise advice; on which account also, she was much calumniated by his partisans among the monks and Christian populace, as if she prevented a reconciliation botween Cyril and Orestes. Their resentment, at length, rose to such a height, that they entered into a conspiracy against her life. After watching for a favourable opportunity of carrying their murderous design into execution, one day a selected band, headed by one Peter a reader, seized upon her as she was returning home from the schools, forced her from her chair, and then dragged her through the streets to the Cæsarean church; where, after stripping her naked, they massacred her with extreme barbarity, and having torn her body limb from limb, committed them to the flames. This horrid and infamous deed. and infamous deed brought no little disgrace on Cyril and the Alexandrian church. Attempts have been made to remove all imputation from the bishop, of being in any respect concerned in it; but they are far from being satisfactory. And when we reflect on the haughtiness and severity of Cyril's temper, his persecution of the Jews, his oppressive and iniquitous treatment of the Novatian sect of Christians, his indignation against Orestes and his party, and above all, the protection which he is said to have afforded to the immediate perpetrator of the murder of Hypatia, we are forced to ac

VOL. V.

knowledge, that the direct charge preferred against him by Damascius of having been the contriver of that deed, is not wholly without foundation. Hypatia was murdered under the reign of the emperor Theodosius II. in the year 415. Hence it is certain that she could not have been, as Suidas relates, the wife of Isidorus the philosopher, who was not born till about fifty years afterwards. It is probable that through her whole life she remained in a state of celibacy. Socratis Scholast. Illist. Eccl. lib VII. cap. xv. cum not. Valesii. Suidas. Moreri. Enfield's Hist. Phil. vol. II. book iii. ch. ii. §4.-M.

HYPERIDES, an eminent Grecian orator, was a native of Athens, and son of one Glaucippus. He studied under Plato and Isocrates; and cultivating the art of eloquence, became one of the most distinguished orators of his time, and acquired that sway in state affairs which the talent for public speaking never failed to obtain in the Athenian democracy. He was one of those who opposed the designs of Philip of Macedon, and his zeal caused him to be made commander of a galley, in which capacity he gained much credit by his promptness in succouring the Byzantians when besieged by Philip. As a reward, he was appointed to the superintendance of the theatre, that capital concern among the Athenians. When Philip threatened an invasion of Euboea, Hyperides procured a tax to be levied for the equipment of forty galleys, and set the example by contributing one for himself, and one for his son. In the time of Alexander he was possessed of the chief influence in Athens, and when that prince demanded galleys and officers from the Athenians, he opposed the granting of either. He moved distinguished honours to his great competitor in eloquence, Demosthenes; but when the latter was suspected of taking a bribe from Harpalus, he was chosen to conduct the prosecution against him. Hyperides was himself accused of having acted contrary to the laws in procuring a decree for granting citizenship to foreigners, and liberty to the slaves, whose families he caused to be transported to the Piræus. But he justified himself from the necessity of the case, and pleaded that "it was not he who passed the decree, but the alarm with which Athens was seized, and the defeat of Cheronea;" and he was acquitted. The violence of party-spirit was displayed in a decree which he carried for conferring great honours upon Iolas, who had sent a poisoned beverage to Alexander-an insult to morals, disgraceful to himself and his country! He

continued his opposition to the Macedonian power after the death of Alexander; and when Antipater sent deputies to Athens, who made a high eulogy upon their master as the worthiest of men, "I know," replied Hyperides, "that he is a very worthy man; but I know also that we will not have a master, however worthy he may be." He appeared as an accuser of Phocion, but was unable to substantiate his charge against that virtuous patriot. The approach of Antipater at length obliged Hyperides with the other leading men of that party to quit Athens, and he had an interview with Demosthenes, also a fugitive, at Ægina. He was preparing to seck a safer place of refuge, when he was apprehended by Archias in the temple where he had taken sanctuary, and carried to Antipater at Cleonæ. It is said, that being put to the torture to force from him some state secrets, he bit off his tongue in order to incapacitate himself from making a disclosure. Another account, with more probability, asserts that his tongue was cut out by way of punishment before he was put to death. His body was left unburied till some of his relations secretly committed it to the funeral pile and brought his ashes to Athens.

The oratory of Hyperides is characterised by Quintilian as being singularly sweet and acute, but fitter for little than great causes. He reckons him a truly Attic speaker, but too luxuriant; and mentions an oration of his for the courtesan Phryne as a model of Grecian subtlety or refinement. Photius says that in his time there were extant fifty-two orations of Hyperides, judged to be genuine, and twenty-five of dubious authenticity. None of them have reached modern times. Photii Biblioth. Plutarchi Demosth. Quintiliani Inst.-A.

HYPERIUS, GERARD ANDREW, a learned Lutheran divine and theological professor in the sixteenth century, was born at Ypres in Flanders, whence he took his surname, in the year 1511. His father, who was a civilian, having taken care to have him well grounded in grammar learning at different Flemish schools, and finding his end approaching in the year 1528, ordered his wife to send their son to Paris, to pursue his academical studies in the university of that city. Accordingly, he proceeded to the place of his destination, where he studied philosophy for three years in the college of Calvi. He then entered on the study of divinity, which he prosecuted with diligence till the year 1535, excepting during some of the academical vacations, which he spent in visits to his native place, and in excursions through different parts of France,

and the northern countries of Italy. Having returned to Flanders, he spent some time at the university of Louvain, and afterwards travelled through several provinces of the Low-countries, and visited the universities of Marpurg, Erfurt, Leipsic, and Wittemberg, in upper Germany. These visits proved the occasion of his being refused a benefice which his friends had soli cited for him without his knowledge: for upon its having been suggested to Carondilet archbishop of Palermo, and chancellor to the emperor, that he had travelled into heretical countries, and that there was ground for suspicion that he was not untainted with their principles, he found it prudent to withdraw to some place of safety. Upon this he came over to England, and became acquainted with Charles lord Montjoy, who, sensible of his merits, invited him to his own house, and settled on him a handsome stipend; so that Hyperius lived above four years with that nobleman, and was at leisure to apply himself to literature. During this period, he had opportunities of visiting the universities of Cambridge and Oxford; but in the year 1541, when Henry VIIIth's tyrannical and cruel proceedings in maintenance of his supremacy, had alarmed those foreigners who might have scruples against subscribing to his pretensions, he returned again to the continent. He intended to visit the university of Strasburg, particularly for the purpose of conversing with Bucer; but as he passed through Marpurg, he met with a professor of divinity, named Geldenhaur, who was one of his friends, and who, in order to keep him there, gave him hopes of some employment in the university of that city. Having settled there, in the year 1542 he was appointed to succeed his deceased friend in the theological chair. In discharging the duties of this appointment, he acquitted himself with great diligence, and eminent reputation, for more than twenty-two years. He particularly laboured to render students in divinity good preachers. He had a very clear head; and besides his knowledge in the languages, in history, in philosophy, and in divinity, he possessed a very happy talent in conveying instruction. He was meek and polite in conversation, and delighted in social convivial intercourse, when regulated by prudence and temperance, and producing rational amusement and attic pleasantry. "In a word," says Bayle, "he was a man who possessed true wit and good sense, and who added those good qualities to his virtue and zeal." He died in the year 1564, about the age of fifty-three. He was the author of numerous works, some of which were

published by himself, and the rest after his death. They consist of "Commentaries" on different parts of scripture; theological "Dissertations;" controversial tracts; treatises in rhetoric, logic, arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, optics, natural philosophy, &c. which Verheiden says, would make up seven volumes in folio. The titles of the greater part of them are given in the first of our authorities. Two of them, entitled, "De recte formando Theologiæ Studio," and "De formandis Concionibus Sacris," were so well liked by a Spanish monk, and a doctor of Louvain, called Laurence de Villavicenza, that he inserted them, almost word for word, without any acknowledgment of his obligations, in the books which he published on the same subject at Antwerp, in 1565. Freheri Theatrum Vir. Erud. Clar. Melchior Adam. de Vit. Germ. Theol. Germ. Theol. Bayle. -M.

HYPSICLES, an ancient mathematician who flourished in the second century, under the reigns of Marcus Aurelius, and Lucius Verus, was a native of Alexandria, and a disciple of Isidorus. He was the author of a work entitled "Avapopinós, sive de Ascensionibus," which was published at Paris, in Greek and Latin, by James Mentelius, together with the Optics of Heliodorus, 1657, quarto. He is also supposed to have been the author of the XIVth & XVth books of the "Elements of Geometry," which are commonly attributed to Euclid. Fabricii Bibl. Græc. vol. II. p. 91.-M.

HYRCAN I. JOHN, high-priest and prince of the Jews, was the son of Simon Maccabeus. On the invasion of Judæa by the Syrian governor Cendebeus B.C. 139, he, with his brother Judas, led a body of troops, who entirely defeated the invaders. After his father's murder by his son-in-law Ptolemy, he went to Jerusalem, where he was declared Simon's successor in the priesthood and sovereignty, B.C. 135. Antiochus Sidetes, called in by Ptolemy, laid siege to Jerusalem, but was induced to grant a peace to the Jews, upon condition of their dismantling the city, and the payment of a large sum of money. Hyrcan afterwards made an alliance of friendship with Antiochus, and accompanied him in his war against Phraates king of Parthia, in which he did good service. After the death of Antiochus, he took advantage of the civil dissensions prevailing in Syria, made himself master of several neighbouring towns, and entirely shook off all dependence on that crown. Then turning his arms against the Samaritans, he took Shechem and Garizim, demolished the temple built by

Sanballat, and put to death several of the Samaritan priests. He next subdued Idumæa, and compelled the inhabitants to submit to circumcision, after which they became incorporated into the Jewish nation. He sent two embassies to Rome, which renewed the alliance with that state formed by Simon, and obtained from the Roman senate the possession of some places which had been taken from the Jews by Antiochus. The troubles of the surrounding countries enabled Hyrcan to strengthen and enrich himself, and pursue other schemes of aggrandisement. He seized a pretext for again quarrelling with the Samaritans, and laid siege to Samaria. The inhabitants called in the aid of Antiochus Cyzicenus, king of Syria, who marched to their relief; but his army was defeated in a bloody engagement by Aristobulus the son of Hyrcan, and Samaria was taken and razed to the ground. The power of Hyrcan thenceforth increased, so that he extended his dominion not only over all Palestine, but over the provinces of Samaria and Galilee, and the Jewish state appeared with greater lustre than under any of his predecessors since the captivity. He was extremely zealous for his religion, and much attached to the sect of Pharisees; but a quarrel with that haughty and powerful body embittered the latter part of his life. One Eleazer, a leader among the Pharisees, called in question his legitimacy, which so exasperated him that he threw himself into the arms of their adversaries the Sadducees; and a succession of tumults and seditions was the result of their rancorous resentment. He died B.C. 107, and was succeeded by Aristobulus. Josephi Antiq. Jud. Univers. Hist.-A.

HYRCAN II. high-priest and king of the Jews, was eldest son of Alexander Jannæus. At the death of his father B.C. 79 he was about thirty years of age; and being of a heavy unenterprising disposition, his mother Alexandra took the reins of government, and allotted to him the succession to the high-priesthood. In the last illness of the queen, her younger son Aristobulus entered into machinations for securing the crown; she, however,. at her death B.C. 70, declared Hyrcan her successor. In the troubles that followed, Hyrcan was soon reduced by his brother to the necessity of divesting himself of both the regal and pontifical dignities, and living upon his patrimony as a private person. He was afterwards persuaded by Antipater to accompany him to Arabia, whose king, Aretas, engaged to restore him. The Romans, gained over by Aristobulus, defeated Aretas; and the two brothers at length

pleaded their cause in person before Pompey. After that general had taken Jerusalem, B.C. 63, he restored Hyrcan to the pontifical office, with the title of prince, but divested him of royalty, and made him tributary. He lived for several years under the protection of the Romans, and was particularly favoured by Cæsar: the real power, however, was possessed by Antipater, and after his death, by his son Herod. Hyrcan at length fell into the hands of his nephew Antigonus, who cut off his ears in order to incapacitate him for the priesthood. He

was then carried into Parthia, where he remained during the contest between Antigonus and Herod, which ended in the death of the former, and elevation of the latter to the Jewish throne. Hyrcan, though well treated in Parthia, complied with an invitation from Herod to return to Jerusalem and resume the pontificate. The jealousies of that tyrant induced him to put an end to the vicissitudes of the pontiff's life by beheading him in the eightieth year of his age. Josephus. Univers. Hist. A.

HAZAEL,

II A Z

AZAEL, a king of Syria, and the scourge of the impious and idolatrous Israelites, became possessed of the regal dignity about the year 885 B.C. When he is first introduced to our notice, he appears to have occupied a high post under Benhadad II. who had made him, most probably, either prime-minister, or commander-in-chief. That prince, when he was advanced in years, had contracted some illness which confined him to his bed; and being told that the prophet Elisha, who by his cure of Naaman had possessed the Syrians with a high opinion of his power with God, was coming to Damascus, he sent Hazael to meet him, with rich presents, to enquire whether he should recover from his indisposition. Hazael acquainted the prophet, in the most respectful manner, with the object of his mission; and Elisha answered him, that the disease of Benhadad was not of a mortal nature; but that notwithstanding he should surely die. After the prophet had thus expressed himself, he fixed his eyes stedfastly upon Hazael, till the latter was put out of countenance; and then Elisha, viewing with a prophetic eye the chastisements on the Israelites of which he was to be the instrument, wept at the prospect of the approaching calamities of his country. Hazael, amazed at the emotion which the prophet discovered, said, "Why weepeth my lord? And he answered, because I know the evil thou wilt do unto the children of Israel: their strong holds wilt thou set on fire, their young men wilt thou slay with the sword, and wilt dash their children, and rip up their women with child." In

HAZ

stead of expressing any abhorrence at the thought that he could be capable of the barbarities which Elisha predicted, Hazael professed himself unable to conceive, how so inconsiderable a person as himself should ever have it in his power to do such great things. Upon this the prophet assured him, that he should succeed to the throne of Syria; thereby fulfilling the commission which the prophet Elijah had devolved on his disciple, to announce the future destiny of Hazael. No sooner had the latter taken his leave of Elisha, than he began to project the means of his speedy advancement to that sovereignty which had been promised him. Having returned to the king, the first thing which he did was to inspire him with false confidence, by relating only that part of the prophet's answer which pronounced. the king's distemper not to be mortal, but in different language from that used by Elisha: for he said," he told me that thou shouldst surely recover." Hazael's ambition was now excited; and such was his impatience to reign, that the very next morning after his return to his master, he stifled him with a wet cloth which he spread upon his face, under the pretence, as Josephus thinks, of cooling the feverish heat of which he complained. Upon the death of Benhadad, Hazael appears to have had no competitor for the throne; and after he mounted it, the Syrian monarchy rose to its highest meridian of power. For some time he seems to have reigned peaceably, till he was provoked to war by Jehoram king of Israel, and Ahaziah king of Judah, who combined together