prisoner by the Tartars, during one of their predatory incursions into Poland, and sold by them to the Turks, who educated him in their religion in the seraglio. He had a happy facility in acquiring the knowledge of languages, being able to converse in eighteen different tongues, and understanding the French, English, and German, nearly as well as the natives of those countries. At the request of Dr. Thomas Smith, chaplain to the English embassy at the Porte, he wrote a curious treatise "concerning the Liturgy of the Turks, their Pilgrimage to Mecca, their Circumcision, visiting of the Sick, &c." which that gentleman presented to Dr. Hyde, who published a Latin version of it in the appendix to Abraham Peritsol's "Itinera Mundi," printed at Oxford, in 1691. At Mr. Basire's request he translated into Turkish the catechism of the church of England, about the year 1653; and some time afterwards he translated the whole Bible into the same language, which was sent to Leyden to be printed there, but remains still inedited among the MSS. belonging to the library of that university. He was also the author of a grammar and dictionary of the Turkish language. Sir Paul Rycaut acknowledges that he was greatly indebted to Haly-Beigh for much of the information in his "Present State of the Ottoman Empire;" and Messrs. de Nointel and Galland were furnished by him with "A Treatise on the Seraglio," written in Italian, and various other MSS. among which was a considerable part of the book of Psalms, translated into Turkish verse, accompanied with musical notes. In the fourth volume of Dr. Isaac Barrow's works, the reader may meet with an English relation of a conspiracy that was formed in the seraglio against Mahomet IV. by his grandmother, which was written by our author. It was his intention to have returned to the profession of Christianity, in which he had been first nurtured; but he died before he had the opportunity of carrying it into execution. Bayle. Moreri.-M.

HALL, JOSEPH, a learned and ingenious English prelate, was born in 1574, in the parish of Ashby-de-la-Zouch, Leicestershire. His father held an office under Henry earl of Huntingdon, whose principal seat was in that place. The youth was early devoted to the ministry; and after a school education at Ashby, was sent to Emanuel college, Cambridge, of which he was chosen a scholar. He obtained a fellowship of the same college, took the degree of M.A. and during two years read the rhetoric lecture in the schools. In due time he took orders, and began to preach. After an abode of six or seven

VOL. V.

years at Cambridge, he was presented by lady Drury to the rectory of Halsted, in Suffolk. He rebuilt the parsonage-house and married; and such was his professional diligence, that he always preached thrice in the week. He made himself known by various publications, of which one of the first, in 1597, was a collection of satires in verse, entitled "Virgidemiarum." In 1605 he accompanied sir Edmund Bacon to the Spa, in which journey he took a close view of the Romish religion, and held a conference with a Jesuit, at Brussels. Some time after his return, he was nominated by prince Henry, one of his chaplains. In 1612 lord Denny, afterwards earl of Norwich, presented him to the donative of Waltham-HolyCross, in Essex, whither he removed; and about the same time he took the degree of D.D. In 1616 he attended upon Hay viscount Doncaster, in his embassy to France; and during his absence was promoted by the king to the deanery of Worcester. When the king, in the next year, visited Scotland, he waited upon him as his chaplain. His learning and theological knowledge caused him to be appointed, in 1618, one of the English divines who were sent to the synod of Dort. After a short stay there, however, bad health obliged him to return, but not till he had preached a Latin sermon before the synod, which testified its respect for him, by the present of a valuable gold medal. It appears from a treatise he soon after composed, entitled "Via Media," that he was desirous of steering a middle course in the disputes upon account of which that synod was convoked; and that he neither approved the opposition of Arminius to the received doctrines, nor the violence of the Gomarists in compelling uniformity. Strongly impressed with the importance of a separation from the church of Rome, he thought that those who agreed in that main point, ought not to differ among one another on points of less consequence; and he was one of those divines who wished, for the sake of peace and union, to set limits to free enquiry. After refusing the bishopric of Gloucester, he accepted, in 1627, that of Exeter. The warmth and seriousness of his piety induced him, in his diocese, to be a favourer of those ministers who, by their diligence and frequent lecturings, underwent the charge of puritanism; and he complains, that, through the accusations brought against him by spies placed to watch his conduct, he was thrice upon his knecs before the king, to justify himself. Such was the vexation he incurred through the inquisition established by the bigotry of Laud, that he

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plainly told the archbishop, "rather than he would be obnoxious to those slanderous tongues of his misinformers, he would cast up his rochet." Yet when the civil dissensions in the nation brought episcopacy into danger, he stood forth as its spirited defender from the press. His "Remonstrance to the Parliament in Behalf of the Liturgy and Episcopacy" was thought important enough to merit a reply from a junto of presbyterian ministers, under the fictitious name of Smectymnuus. In 1641 Dr. Hall was translated to the see of Norwich. Joining with several of his brethren in the famous protest of December 30, in that year, against the validity of acts passed during their forced absence, he was, with them, committed to the Tower. In June, 1642, he was released upon bail, and withdrew to Norwich, where he lived in respect and comfort, till a sequestration next year seized upon all his effects, A pittance was allowed him for his maintenance, but he was occasionally subjected to various affronts and indignities. He removed, at length, from the palace, and retired to Higham, near Norwich, where he rented a small estate. Notwithstanding the narrowness of his income, he distributed a weekly charity to several poor widows. In general esteem for his piety and moral worth, he died, September, 1656, in the eighty-second year of his age.

Bishop Hall may rank among the English poets, as being the first who gave a specimen of regular satires in the language. His "Virgidemiarum" consists of six books, of which the first three are called toothless satires, their character being moral and scholastic; the last three, biting satires. They have more wit and thought than poetry; but it is said that Pope in conversation expressed a high opinion of their merit. A new edition of them was printed at Oxford in 1753. His other works are numerous, consisting of Meditations, Epistles, Sermons, Paraphrases of the Scriptures, Controversial Treatises, &c. The pithy and sententious manner of his writing has given him the appellation of the English Seneca. His thoughts are often original, and his piety is warm and devotional. The collection of his works amounts to five volumes, folio, and quarto; of which, three were printed before his death. His moral pieces were reprinted in a separate volume, folio, in 1738. A beautiful little tract of his, entitled "Henochismus, sive Tractatus de Modo ambulandi cum Deo," was printed at Oxford in 1762. Bayle. Biog. Britan. Granger's Biog. Hist.-A.

HALLE, CLAUDE-GUY, an esteemed painter, was born at Paris, in 1651. He was edu

cated under his father, a painter of reputation, and received all his instruction in his own coun try. His genius was, however, adapted to the highest branch of his profession, and he distinguished himself by his skill in the composition of great pieces, his knowledge of the clair-obscure, the correctness of his design, the elegance of his colouring, and the facility of his execution. His works were chiefly decorations for the churches in Paris, and the provincial towns. They were of the sober tranquil cast which marked his own private character, and his pencil was never licentious. He was amiable in society, and lived on good terms with his fellowartists, of whose works he always spoke with caution and candour. As an instance of his friendly disposition, it is mentioned, that being applied to, as an umpire between a young artist and his employer, who was dissatisfied with a picture which he had bespoke, Hallé took it home with him, and, by retouching it, rendered it of double its assigned value, and thus contented both parties. For want of the arts of intrigue, he obtained no ministerial favours, but was chosen by the king as one of the artists for decorating the choir of Notre-Dame. He also painted, for a tapestry-design, the submission of the doge of Genoa before his majesty. He died at Paris in 1736, at the age of eighty-five, and was buried in St. Sulpice. Several of his works have been engraved. D'Argenville, Vies des Peintres.-A.

HALLER, ALBERT, one of the most illustrious literary characters of his age, an anatomist, physiologist, and botanist of the first class, was the son of a citizen and advocate of Berne, where he was born in October, 17.8. The accounts of his early display of talents are as extraordinary as almost any upon record. Even in his fifth year he was accustomed to write down all the new words which he heard in the course of the day. At the age of ten he could translate from the Greek, and compiled, for his own use, a Chaldaic grammar, and a Greek and Hebrew dictionary. He also, about that period, abridged from Bayle and Moreri above two thousand lives; and he composed in Latin verse, a satire upon his preceptor, a man of great harshness and severity. At his father's death, in 1721, he was removed from domestic tuition to the public school, and placed in a class far beyond his age. In 1723 he was some time in the house of a physician at Bienne, for the study of philosophy. At this place he commenced the practice which he continued through life, and which was the foundation of his immense literary collections-that of always read

ing with the pen in his hand, making extracts of every thing memorable in his author, and adding his own judgment of the work. At this place, also, the surrounding beauties of nature awakened in him a poetic enthusiasm, the parent of many compositions in German verse, which were the preludes of his maturer productions. Hitherto his destination had been unfixed, and his studies desultory; but he now made election of the medical profession. At the close of that year he went to the university of Tubingen; and there, as he says, while yet almost a boy, practised himself in the dissection of brute animals under Duvernoi. He also obtained a taste of a better philosophy than that of Descartes, which he had hitherto followed. He here gave a proof of the strength of his mind to resist juvenile temptations; for having been once induced to accompany some fellow-students to a debauch, the scene made such an impression upon him, that he thenceforth entirely renounced the use of wine, and adopted a strictness of manners which secured him against any future seduction. The high reputation of Boerhaave drew our young student in 1725 to the university of Leyden; and he has expressed in the most affectionate terms the pleasure he derived from the clearness, the candour, the unaffected eloquence of that admirable preceptor's lectures. He studied anatomy under the younger Albinus, with whom he dissected human bodies, and he paid frequent visits to the celebrated Ruysch. Returning to Tubingen, he held a disputation for his degree, of which the subject was "De Ductu Salivali Coschwiziano." He farther pursued the same topic in a disputation at Leyden, in 1727. In this year he paid a visit to England, where he has particularly noted his acquaintance with James Douglas, the anatomist, who offered to associate him in his labour of preparing a complete history of the bones. Thence he went to Paris, where he dissected under Le Dran. His stay in that capital was abridged by an information laid against him for having bodies to dissect in his own apartments. He next devoted some time to the study of mathematics at Basil, under John Bernouilli, and proceeded to a great length in that science. At the same time he dissected and demonstrated for the professor of anatomy, who was incapacitated by illness. Here too he first imbibed an ardour for botany, a study to which he had hitherto felt an aversion. He began to collect and describe plants, and even laid the plan of his great work on the botany of Switzerland, which was not completed till long afterwards. in 1728 he made a tour though the Alps of

Savoy, the Valais, and Berne, which for some time he almost annually repeated. Nor did he survey these interesting tracts merely as a botanist. Their sublime scenery awakened all his poetical enthusiasm; and his "Poem on the Alps," composed in his twenty-first year, followed by various ethic epistles, and other pieces, gave him a place among the most distinguished votaries of the German muse. The critics of that nation reckon Haller among the first who gave sublimity, richness, and harmony, to their poetical language, and who described nature in its true colours. The elevation of his style is said to have given it occcasional obscurity; but twenty-two successive editions of his poems in the original, and the translations of them into other European languages, sufficiently attest the general applause with which they were received. They were all the compositions of his youth, and were regarded by himself merely as relaxations from severer studies.

Haller returned to his native city in 1729, and employed himself in giving public anatomical lectures. He, however, obtained little encouragement from his countrymen, and was frustrated in his application for the office of physician to the hospital, and his attempts to procure a medical professorship. The satirical poems in which he vented his indignation did not serve to render him more acceptable. Indeed, an uneasy irritability of temper seems to have accompanied him through life, and to have rendered his friends fewer than his admirers. In 1731 he married a lady of good family, who brought him three children. He printed some detached pieces in anatomy and botany, by which his reputation was so much promoted, that in 1736 he received an invitation to occupy the professorship of anatomy, surgery, and botany, in the newly-founded university of Gottingen, in the dominions of George II. king of England. This, after some consideration, he accepted; but his removal thither was rendered melancholy by the loss of his beloved wife, who died immediately upon her arrival, in consequence of being overturned upon the road. He took the best method of relief, by plunging into the duties of his station; and through his instigation the university was enriched with a botanical garden, an anatomical theatre, a school for midwifery, and a college of surgery. He also formed the plan of an academy of sciences, of which he was appointed perpetual president. For the improvement of anatomy, he encouraged the most industrious medical students to take some single object of the animal economy for their illustration, and devote themselves to

experimental enquiries respecting it, in which he gave his assistance. He himself was indefatigable in similar researches, having constantly in view that great reform in physiology which, at length, his writings effected. With almost equal ardour, he continued his botanical pursuits; taking a journey for that purpose in the summer of 1738 into the ancient Hercynian forest, and in the following year repeating his his Swiss tour, of both which he published accounts. In 1742 appeared the first edition of his great work on the botany of Switzerland, entitled "Enumeratio Plantarum Indigenarum Helvetia," folio; which at once raised him to the first class among the proficients in that sciIt received several successive corrections and augmentations in separate publications; and at length, in 1768, was given in its perfect form, under the title of "Historia Stirpium Helvetiæ indigenarum," three tomes, in two volumes folio, with many plates. We here anticipate the course of our biographical narration, to finish what is to be said of our great author's character as a botanist. In classification he followed a method of his own, founded upon the proportion of the stamina to the petals; but as this would not carry him through, he borrowed classes from other systems; whence there is a want of uniformity in his plan, which, with the superior simplicity of the Linnæan system, caused it to be adopted by scarcely any other writer. His classes are divided into orders, as nearly natural as possible. His genera differ much from the Linnæan, and he has not employed the useful practice of distinguishing the species by trivial names. Indeed, he has shewn an unwillingness to adopt the undoubted improvements of the Swede, which has an air of dislike and jealousy. In accuracy of specific description, he is, however, admirable, as well as in sagacity to detect generical affinities and distinctions. He is likewise full upon the economical and medicinal uses of the subjects. Upon the whole, scarcely any Flora is so useful to the botanical student as this, which was likewise the most copious then published, containing, in its improved state, nearly 2500 plants. He also gave a catalogue of the plants growing in the botanical garden, and in the district, of Gottingen, in 1742, and 1753, 8vo; and he published a number of botanical papers, which were collected in his "Opuscula Botanica," or contained in the Memoirs of the Gottingen Academy, and in other periodical works.

After the death of Boerhaave in 1738, Haller undertook to publish the "Prelections" of his venerable master, from a manuscript copy of

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his own, collated with others. Of this work, six volumes appeared successively from 1739 to 1745, with occasional additions and corrections by the editor, relative to the physiological part. It was well received by the medical world, and reprinted in various countries, but has since been set aside by the more accurate systems of Haller himself, and others. A number of curious tracts upon particular points in anatomy came from the pen of our author during his residence at Gottingen; and in 1743 he began. to publish fasciculi of anatomical plates in folio, particularly relative to the blood-vessels in situ, which are among the most valuable of these helps to the study of the human frame. 1747 he gave the first edition of his "Primæ Linex Physiologiæ," being an outline, or sketch, of his own system of that branch of science, as afterwards developed in his larger work. truly original performance, singularly replete with matter, in proportion to its bulk, difficult to read, on account of the conciseness of the style, but an excellent compendium for the intelligent student. It was several times reprinted, and translated into foreign languages. În 1751 Haller published a collection of "Opuscula Anatomica," 8vo. In the same year was printed his edition of "Boerhaave's Methodus Studii Medici," two volumes quarto, Amst. of which by much the greatest part is his own, and may be considered as a prelude to his later" Bibliothecæ." In two academical discourses delivered in 1752, he first proposed his opinions concerning the insensibility of various parts of the body, and the difference between that property and irritability; which last he asserted to reside exclusively in the muscular fibre. This doctrine excited much attention, and the discourses were translated into many modern languages. An election into the Royal Society of Stockholm in 1748, and into that of London in 1749; the titles of physician to George II. and of king's counsellor; and finally, letters of nobility granted him in 1749, by the emperor Francis, at the request of the king of England; were honourable testimonies of his spreading fame.

He had resided near seventeen years at Gottingen, the university of which had been greatly indebted to him for its rising fame; when the desire of returning to his own country, a passion almost innate to a Swiss, became irresistible, and induced him, in 1753, to take a journey to Berne, in order to procure an establishment there. His countrymen were now sensible of the honour they had derived from such a man, and gladly encouraged his return, which took

place in that year. He had married a second wife of his own country, who died in childbed at Gottingen; and he brought back with him a third, a German lady, who increased his family with several children, and survived him. He lamented the loss of his domestic partners in pathetic monodies; and the haste he made to supply their places was no proof that his sensibility was feigned or defective. Having already been elected a member of the sovereign council at Berne, he soon obtained by lot one of its magistracies, and he entered with zeal into the duties of a citizen. Still his professional studies were unremitted; and in 1754 he printed at Lausanne a volume of "Opuscula Pathologica," 8vo. In the next year he wrote in French (a language of which he had a perfect command) a continuation of his enquiries concerning sensibility and irritability, entitled "Deux Mémoires sur les Parties sensibles & irritables," 12mo. They were accompanied by " Deux Mémoires sur le Mouvement du Sang," 12mo. Both these were much read throughout Europe. In order In order to ascertain the relative sensibility of the parts of animals, he was led to a set of experiments, in their nature peculiarly cruel, which would, it must be supposed, cost many painful struggles to such a man as Haller. It would be easier to declaim on such a topic, than to establish any precise moral rule for determining the degree of sacrifice of animal happiness which it is allowable for human beings to make, in pursuit of useful knowledge:--and what knowledge may not be useful? We shall content ourselves with leaving this problem to the feelings of our readers; only observing, that many persons of undoubted goodness and humanity have, in their scientific researches, overlooked sufferings which, on other occasions, they could not have regarded without horror. It was, perhaps, particularly on account of these French publications, that he was elected in 1754 one of the eight foreign members of the Academy of Sciences at Paris.

In 1757 he was deputed to effect a reform in the academy of Lausanne; and in the following year he was appointed to the direction of the public salt-works at Bex and Aigle, with a salary amounting to 500l. per annum. During the term of this appointment, which was for six years, he resided at La Roche. He introduced many improvements into this branch of administration, by which he reduced the price of salt to the consumers, and at the same time amended its quality. While he was thus employed, his capital work, "Elementa Physi

ologiæ Corporis Humani," began to make its appearance. Its first volume, quarto, was pub lished at Lausanne in 1757; and the concluding octavo volume in 1766. To give an account of the principal contents, and an estimate of the merits, of this performance, would require a compass much beyond what we are able to allot. It may be in general affirmed, that such a vast collection of well-authenticated fact, so much accurate description, and truly scientific argumentation, were never before brought together upon this important subject; and that it may be regarded as a complete digest of every thing known on the subject of physiology to the time of its publication, of which the author's own discoveries make a conspicuous part. Though much new light has since been thrown upon some of the animal functions, yet Haller's work is still the best systematic view of physiological science, and is not less entitled to the notice of the inquisitive philosopher than of the physician. The other anatomical writings of the author are principally comprised in his . "Opera Anatomica minora," three volumes quarto, 1762-68. There are, however, many separate tracts, which it would be tedious to enumerate. Some of these are controversial, in defence of his opinions, and are written with a candour and moderation which his adversaries did not always observe.

In order to finish the catalogue of his labours in favour of medical science, it remains to notice a set of volumes which alone would have entitled him to the praise of a life well spent in the service of his profession. These were his "Bibliothecæ," containing a chronological list of every book of every age, country, and language, respecting subjects connected with medicine, which had come to his knowledge, with brief analyses, and enumerations of novelties and peculiarities, of all the principal. Of these he published "Bibliotheca Botanica," two volumes quarto, 1771; "Bibliotheca Anatomica," two volumes quarto, 1774; "Bibliotheca Chirurgica," two volumes quarto, 1774; "Bibliotheca Medicine Practicæ," four volumes quarto, 1776-88, of which last only two were published by himself, the other two by Drs. Tribolet and Brandis, from his papers, with additions. In examining these works, we stand astonished at the compass of his reading, which has embraced not only all the best known publications of all countries, but many, the names of which are probably unknown to most students of the same nation. They form, indeed, a most invaluable body of bibliography in their several