of Saint Andrew's, and requested me to use my best endeavours to prevail upon bishop John to admit of this; and when I made answer to him that I would never again make any request of him upon that point, because I had not been able to make any impression upon him on the subject, his answer was, 'I am fully persuaded that since the lord John has returned to reconciliation and favour with me, he will, on consideration of my favour, and at the urgency of my entreaties, admit of this, and I would gladly confer with him thereon;' and the king requested me to advise him to come and have a conference with him. The king's clerks being accordingly sent to bishop John, he made answer that he would not come, because he had heard from certain advisers of our lord the king, that the king was always endeavouring, in every possible way, to gain his point. that Hugh should remain in the bishopric of Saint Andrew's, and asserted that, if he should be inclined to come, they were not able to give him a safe conduct. When this answer was returned him, our lord the king sent a bishop, and some abbats, earls, and barons to the said bishop, requesting that he would come to him for the purpose of an interview, and ordered them to guarantee to the said bishop entire security. These, on their return, stated that the lord John, inasmuch as he had a presentiment that his lord the king wished bishop Hugh to remain in the bishopric of Saint Andrew's, made answer that he would never come to the king unless they should first make oath that their lord the king would observe everything that through me he had offered to him; this, however, they were unwilling to do, upon which, the lord John returned home. We, however, have appointed a stated time, on the calends of October, for the before-named bishops, John and Hugh, to come to you, and to submit to your judgment. Farewell."

In the same year died Walter, bishop of Rochester, and was succeeded in the bishopric by Waleran, archdeacon of Bayeux. In this year, while Walter, a servant of Eustace, the lord abbat of Flaye, was one night asleep, he heard a voice from heaven, saying to him a first, second, and third time, "Go and say to Henry, king of England, 'In the name of Christ, annihilate and destroy,' and say to him that so he must do, and, if he does not do so, both his sons and himself shall die." On this the before-named Walter made answer and said, "Who am I, that I should carry thy commands unto the king?" To which he received for answer, "Go to Rotrod, the archbishop of Rouen,

and to his chaplain, and to Eustace, the abbat of Flaye, and they shall remove the thorns and briars from out of thy path, and, unless thou shalt make haste, thou shalt die." After the third warning, therefore, the said Walter came to the before-named archbishop of Rouen, and to his chaplain, and to abbat Eustace; and whereas, the archbishop and his chaplain, being worn out with sickness and old age, could not attend to the matter, they deputed the abbat of Flaye to act in their behalves; on which, he with his servant went to the king, and the servant related to the king his vision and the accompanying threats; but the king, not being able to understand any part thereof, and there being no one to interpret the vision to him, paid no attention whatever to it; and, shortly after, his son king Henry died, and then his son Geoffrey, earl of Brittany. About the time at which this vision took place many of the Manichæan heretics were burned in many places throughout the kingdom of France, a thing that the king would in nowise allow in his territories, although there were great numbers of them.

25

In the year of grace 1183, being the twenty-ninth year of the reign of king Henry, son of the empress Matilda, the said king of England was at Caen, in Normandy, on the day of the Nativity of our Lord; the [young] king also, and Richard and Geoffrey, his sons, and Henry, duke of Saxony, and his wife, together with their sons and daughters, and a large retinue, together with Richard, archbishop of Canterbury, and John Cumin, archbishop of Dublin, and many bishops, earls, and barons were there with him. After the Nativity of our Lord, the king ordered the king, his son, to receive homage from Richard, earl of Poitou, and from Geoffrey, earl of Brittany, his brothers; on which, in obedience to his father, he received the homage of his brother Geoffrey, and was willing to receive it from his brother Richard, but Richard refused to do homage to him; and afterwards, when Richard offered to do homage to him, the king, the son, refused to receive it. Richard, feeling greatly indignant at this, withdrew from the court of the king, his father, and going to Poitou, his own territory, built there some new castles and fortified the old

ones.

At the request of such of the earls and barons of Poitou as 25" Publicani." Under this name the Albigenses, who were said to be Manichæaus, are alluded to.

adhered to him, and who inflicted many losses on earl Richard, the king, his brother, pursued him. Geoffrey, earl of Brittany, also came to Poitou, with a large force, to assist the king, his brother. On Richard perceiving that he could not make head against his brothers, he sent for assistance to the king, his father, who, raising a great army, came in all haste, and laid siege to the castle of Limoges, which had been a short time before surrendered to the king, his son.

The cause of the dissensions between the king and his sons.

In order, however, that the cause may be known of these shocking dissensions that took place between the father and his sons, it ought to be stated that, on the holy day of the Circumcision of our Lord, king Henry, son of our lord the king of England, of his own accord, and no one forcing him thereto, touching the Holy Gospels, and in presence of a large body of the clergy and laity, made oath that he would from that day forward all the days of his life maintain his fealty unblemished to Henry, king of England, as being his father and his liege lord, and would show him all due honor and obedience. And because, as he asserted, the king wished to retain no rancour and malice in his mind, by reason of which his father might possibly be afterwards offended, he declared to him that he had entered into a compact with the barons of Aquiaine against his brother Richard, being influenced by the fact hat his said brother had fortified the castle of Clairvaulx, vhich was part of his own inheritance after his father's death, contrary to his own wishes. Wherefore he earnestly entreated his father to take the said castle from Richard, and keep it in his own charge.

Richard, being admonished by our lord the king relative thereto, at first refused to do so, but afterwards freely delivered it to be disposed of at his father's pleasure. Accordingly, the three sons of our lord the king, namely, the [young] king, Richard, and Geoffrey, came to Anjou, with the king, their father, for the purpose of entering into a final treaty of peace between them; and each of the three made oath that they would observe their fealty at all times towards the king, their father, against all men, and would pay him all honor and lasting obedience. They also made oath, in accordance with the directions of their father, that they would observe lasting peace between themselves. On a given day, therefore, for ratifying the peace made between

them, at a place called Mirabel, under the direction of their father, because the barons of Aquitaine, to whom the king, the son, had engaged himself by oath, were not present, the king, the father, sent his son Geoffrey to them that they might come to the said conference for the establishment of peace and reconciliation, and in the meantime cease from all hostilities. But the said Geoffrey, utterly forgetful of God and of respect for his father, and unmindful of his commands, did not bring peace, but the sword, and, slighting his oath, his homage, and the fealty which he had so often sworn to his father, entered into a compact with the enemies of his father, for the purpose of harassing him, and induced a sacrilegious race, and one detested by the Church of Rome,26 to ravage the territories of his father. The king, the son, on hearing of this, entreated his father to establish peace between his brother Richard and the barons of Aquitaine. In answer to the entreaties of his son, our lord the king promised that he would preserve peace, and that, for this purpose, in the manner that had been agreed upon in the preceding summer, reparation should be made for all excesses committed by either party, or else, if that should not please the barons, he would judge them in conformity with the opinions pronounced by his court This offer was quite to the satisfaction of the king, the son; on condition, however, that the castle of Clairvaulx should remain safe in the hands of the king, his father.

Upon this, the king, the son, having gained of his father all that he had requested, with his father's permission set out for Limoges, for the purpose of inviting both his brother Geoffrey and the barons of Aquitaine to come to terms, and in the meantime sent his wife to France, to her brother, the king of that country, for the purpose of being in safety. The king, the father, also, at the request and by the advice of the king, the son, came with a few followers by another road to Limoges, in safety from his sons and in safety from his subjects; but when he had come to this territory that was his own, his own subjects received him most shamefully, for they aimed their arrows against him, so much so that they even wantonly pierced his coat armour, wounded one of his knights before his eyes, and violently prevented the king from entering either the city or

26 The hireling Brabanters mentioned below. They formed part of the "ruptuarii," or " Routiers," the employment of whom was forbidden by the Church of Rome.

the castle; in consequence of which, he and his son Richard were obliged to depart.

After this, our lord the king effected an entrance into the city of Limoges; but when he was departing therefrom, for the purpose of conversing with his sons in a fatherly manner, in presence of his sons, the garrison of the castle before-mentioned aimed their deadly arrows; in consequence of which, they wounded the horse which bore the king, the father, in the head, and if the horse had not lifted its head just at the approach of the arrow, it would have pierced the king's breast to a considerable depth. This his sons Henry and Geoffrey thinking lightly of, took no pains to punish the offender; and, notwithstanding, returned to the deadly foes of their lord and father.

Shortly after, the king, the son, came to his father, and promised him, that, if the barons of Aquitaine would not come to his feet to sue for peace, he would utterly abandon them, and return to obedience to him under all circumstances. On this, the king the father, being moved at the entreaties of his son, again made promise of the peace which he had previously promised to the barons. Wherefore, the king the son, as he said, went to his brother Geoffrey and the barons of Aquitaine, and, returning from them to his father, asserted that they were utterly disobedient and rebellious, for which reason, he had returned to his duty and obedience to his father's will. This, however, as appeared in the sequel, was done fraudulently, in order that in the meantime the perfidious race of the Brabanters, and Geoffrey, that son of perdition, might with lawless violence the more easily ravage his father's territories, and nefariously lay them waste, carrying off the ornaments of the churches, burning towns and villages to the ground, emptying the fields and the sheepfolds by their ravages, so as to cause utter destruction in every quarter; sparing neither age, nor sex, nor rank, nor the religious profession; on the contrary, as it appeared, aiming at the perpetration of homicide, sacrilege, and rapine alone.

Shortly after these things had taken place, the king, the son, on hearing what had been done by his brother Geoffrey, told his father, that whatever he had done in this matter had been done by the counsel of his brother Geoffrey, and giving his arms and his horse in his father's charge, remained with him some days. But after he had eaten at the same table with his father, and had dipped his hands into the same