the Lord's day, with William, king of the Scots, who accompanied him.

Shortly after this, the king of England made the following assize as to keeping arms throughout England:

"Whoever has a single knight's fee must keep a cuirass, a helmet, a shield, and a lance, and every knight must keep as many cuirasses, helmets, shields, and lances as he has knights' fees in his demesne. Every free layman, who shall have in chattels or in rental to the amount of sixteen marks, must have a hauberk, an iron head-piece, and a lance; and all burgesses, and all companies of freemen must keep a gambeson, an iron head-piece, and a lance; and every person may make oath that before the feast of Saint Hilary he will provide such arms, and will do fealty to our lord the king, namely, Henry, the son of the empress Matilda, and will hold the said arms at his service in obedience to his command, and in fealty to his lord the king and to his realm. And no person, after he shall have provided the said arms, is to sell the same, or to make a pledge thereof, or to lend them, or in any way to part with them; nor is the lord in any way to take them from his homager, either by way of fine, gift, or pledge, or in any other way whatsoever. And if any person having the said arms shall die, his arms shall remain with his heir; and if his heir be not of such an age that he can use arms, if required, then the person who shall have the guardianship of him, shall in like manner have the guardianship of such arms, and shall find a man to use the said arms in the service of our lord the king, if needs be, until the heir shall be of such an age as to be able to bear arms, and then he is to have them. And further, whatever burgess shall have more arms than according to this assize he ought to have, he is to sell the same, or give them away, or part with them to some person who shall wield them in England in the service of our lord the king. And no one of them is to retain more arms than in conformity with this assize he ought to have. Also, no Jew is to keep in his possession a cuirass or hauberk; but he is to sell the same or give them away, or in some other manner dispose thereof, but so that they continue to be used in the service of our lord the king of England. Also, no person is to carry arms out of England except with the leave of our lord the king, and no one is to sell arms to any person for him to carry them out of England, and no merchant or other person is to carry them out of England. Also,

18

the justices are to cause oath to be made by lawful knights, or by other free and lawful men of hundreds, visnets, and burghs, as may seem most expedient to them, that those who have the value in chattels to the amount above stated, shall provide, as they ought, a cuirass, helmet, lance, and shield, according to what has been mentioned above; and that for the said purpose they will name all those of their hundreds, visnets, and boroughs, who have sixteen marks' value either in chattels or yearly rental; and after that, the justices are to cause all of them to be registered, both jurors and the others, both who they are and what chattels or rental they have, and what arms each ought to provide, according to the value of the chattels or rental; and after that, in their presence and in the hearing of them all, they are to cause this assize to be read as to keeping arms, and to cause them to make oath that they will provide such arms according to the aforesaid value of the chattels or rental, and will hold the same at the service of our lord the king in conformity with the aforesaid assize, in obedience to the command of and in fealty to their lord, king Henry, son of the empress Matilda, and to his realm. And if it shall so happen that any one of those persons who ought to provide such arms shall not be in the county at the time when the justices shall be in that county, then the justices are to appoint a time for him to appear before them in another county. And if the said persons shall not come to them in any county through which they shall pass, and shall not be in those districts, then they are to name a time at Westminster, on the octave of Saint Michael, that each may then be there for the purpose of making oath, as he loves himself and all that belongs to him; and orders are to be given to him before the feast of Saint Hilary before-named, to provide arms according as he is bound to provide the same. And further, the justices are to cause proclamation to be made throughout all counties through which they shall pass, that those persons who shall not provide the said arms as herein commanded, the king will lay hands on their bodies, and will on no account take from them their lands or chattels. Also, no person is to be sworn as of the free and lawful men who has not sixteen marks or ten marks in chattels. Also, the justices are to give orders throughout all the counties through which they shall pass, that

18 "Neighbourhoods;" from the Norman "vesiné;" probably, small communities not unlike the "frith-borgs" of the Anglo-Saxons.

no person, as he loves himself and all that belongs to him, shall buy or sell any ship for the purpose of transport from England; and that no person shall carry timber, or cause it to be carried, out of England. The king has also ordered that no person shall be admitted to the oath of arms unless he is a free man."

In the same year, Henry, king of England, son of the empress Matilda, gave to John Cumin, his clerk, the archbishopric of Dublin, in Ireland, at Evesham, on the eighth day before the ides of September. In the same year William, archbishop of Rheims, came to England on a pilgrimage to the Martyr Saint Thomas of Canterbury. In the same year Dufenald, the son of William, the son of Dunecan, who had often laid claim to the kingdom of Scotland, entered Scotland with a large army, and laid waste the parts near the sea-coast. In this year also, John, bishop of Saint Andrew's, pronounced sentence of excommunication against Richard de Morville, the constable, and Richard de Prebendâ, and others of the household of the king of Scotland, who had caused a breach of the peace between himself and the king. In addition to this, Roger, archbishop of York, the legate in Scotland, and Hugh, bishop of Durham, by the authority of our lord the pope, commanded the prior of Saint Andrew's and the ecclesiastical personages throughout the bishopric of Saint Andrew's, to go to John, their bishop, and pay him the respect of their duteous submission, declaring that if they refused, they would pronounce upon them, as being contumacious and rebellious, sentence of suspension. On this, some of the ecclesiastics of the bishopric of Saint Andrew's, through fear of suspension, came to the before-named bishop John; on which William, the king of Scotland, expelled them from his kingdom, with their sons and kinsmen, and even those who, hanging at their mother's breasts, were yet crying in the cradle. Roger, archbishop of York, and Hugh, bishop of Durham, seeing the shocking proscription of these persons, acted in obedience to the mandate of our lord the pope; for Roger, archbishop of York, excommunicated William, king of Scotland, and both he and Hugh, bishop of Durham, pronounced sentence of interdict on all the territories of the king of Scotland, ordering the bishops, abbats, priors, and other ecclesiastical persons strictly and inviolably to observe the said sentence of interdict, and carefully to avoid the king himself as an excommunicated person.

In the same year died pope Alexander the Third, in the twenty-second year of his papacy, and on the twelfth day before the calends of October, being succeeded in the papacy by Imbald, cardinal bishop of Ostia, who took the name of pope Lucius the Third. In the same year, Roger, archbishop of York, being attacked with a severe illness, on perceiving the last day of his life at hand, called together the abbats, priors, and other ecclesiastical persons of his diocese, and with becoming considerateness distributed his property for the use of the poor, and among other wondrous deeds of his power, 19 to perpetuate his praises, he sent to William, archbishop of Rheims, and the other bishops of the kingdom of France, more than five hundred pounds of silver to be distributed among the poor. In like manner he left a similar sum to the archbishop of Rouen and the other bishops of Normandy; and the same to the archbishop of Canterbury and the other bishops of England. Having thus made distribution of all his property, he removed from Cowda, where he was taken ill, to York, the metropolitan see of his archiepiscopate, where on the tenth day before the calends of December, being Saturday, at twilight, he departed this life, full of days, after having happily ruled his archbishopric twenty-seven years and six weeks. His body was buried by Hugh, bishop of Durham, in the choir of the canons secular of the metropolitan church at York; William, the king of Scotland, still remaining under the sentence of excommunication which the before-named archbishop of York had pronounced against him.

Upon hearing of the death of the archbishop of York, William, king of Scotland, was greatly delighted; and holding a council with the bishops, earls, and elders of his territories, sent Jocelyn, bishop of Glasgow, and Arnulph, abbat of Melrose, and other wise and discreet ecclesiastics of his kingdom to Rome, to Lucius, the Supreme Pontiff, in order that he might be absolved from the said sentence of excommunication, and that his lands might be released from the interdict, and in order that, if in any way it could be brought about, John, bishop of Saint Andrew's, might be deposed.

When word was brought to the king of England that the before-named archbishop had gone the way of all flesh, he sent his servants throughout all the archbishopric of York, giving orders that all of which the said archbishop in his illness had made distribution should be confiscated; which was accordingly

19 Charity rather, one would think.

done. For the entire devise, which in his illness he had made, was, by the king's command, rendered null and void; as our lord the king asserted that the before-named archbishop of York had pronounced an opinion in his lifetime that it was not lawful for any ecclesiastical person to make a devise except at a time before he was taken ill.

In the same year, count Stephen, the uncle of Philip, king of France, seized the lands of a certain person his neighbour, and withheld them by force, and did homage for them to Philip, earl of Flanders; on doing which, the king of France laid hands on them, and the earl of Flanders claimed restitutution thereof to be made to himself and earl Theobald; and the king of France, refusing to accede thereto, the earl of Flanders entered the territories of the king of France with a hostile hand, and ravaged them. In the same year, Hugh, earl of Chester, departed this life, and was succeeded in the earldom by his son Ranulph.

After the death of Roger, archbishop of York, our lord the king gave orders to his justices in England to make diligent inquisition as to the monies left by the before-named archbishop, and wherever such were discovered, in his name, to make demand thereof. In consequence of this, the said justices demanded of Hugh, bishop of Durham, three hundred marks of silver, which the said bishop had received out of the monies of the archbishop, for the purpose of distribution among the poor; on which he made answer to them:-“I distributed the three hundred marks of silver which you demand of me, during the lifetime of the archbishop who gave them to me, among the lepers, the blind, the lame, the dumb, and the rest of the necessitous, and in the repair of churches and bridges, for the salvation of his soul, according as he himself had ordered; therefore let him who wants them collect them, for by me they will never be collected." Accordingly, an answer of this nature exasperated the feelings of our lord the king beyond measure, so much so, that he ordered the castle of Durham to be seized in his name, in order that the bishop might be harassed by every kind of persecution.

In the year of grace 1182, being the twenty-eighth year of the reign of king Henry, son of the empress Matilda, the said king was at Winchester, in England, on the day of the Nativity of our Lord, which took place on the sixth day of the week. In the same year died the count of Zelders, who had married