wards the sea thereabouts was full of rocks and shelves." This account, although mixed with fable, cannot, we think, be entirely rejected and that the ancients had knowledge of countries westward of Europe appears as plain and as well authenticated as any passage of history of that period.

Aristotle, or the author of a book which is generally attributed to hin, speaks of an island beyond the Straits of Gibraltar; but the passage savors something of hearsay, and is as follows:-"Some say that, beyond the Pillars of Hercules, the Carthagenians have found a very fertile island, but without inhabitants, full of forests, navigable rivers, and fruit in abundance. It is several days' voyage from the main land. Some Carthagenians, charmed by the fertility of the country, thought to marry and settle there; but some say that the government of Carthage forbid the settlement upon pain of death, from the fear that it would increase in power so as to deprive the mother country of her possessions there."

Seneca lived about the commencement of the vulgar era. He wrote tragedies, and in one of them occurs this passage:"The time will come when the ocean will loosen the chains of nature, and we shall behold a vast country. A new Typhis shall discover new worlds: Thule shall no longer be considered the last country of the known world."

CHAPTER II.

OF MODERN THEORISTS UPON THE PEOPLING OF AMERICA.

For that

Herrera argues that the new world could not have been known to the ancients, and that what Seneca has said was not true. God had kept it hid from the old world, giving them no certain knowledge of it; and that, in the secresy and incomprehensibility of his providence, he has been pleased to give it to the Castilian nation. That Seneca's prediction (if so it may be considered) was a false one, because he said that a new world would be discovered in the north, and that it was found in the west. Herrera wrote about 1598, before. which time little knowledge was obtained of North America.

Thomas Morton, who came to New England in 1622, published in 1637 an account of its natural history, with much other curious matter. In speaking upon the peopling of America, he thinks it altogether out of the question to suppose that it was peopled by the Tartars from the north, because "a people, once settled, must be removed by compulsion, or else tempted thereunto in hopes of better fortunes, upon commendations of the place unto which they should be drawn to remove. And if it may be thought that these people came over the frozen sea, then would it be by compulsion. If so, then by whom, or when? Or what part of this main continent may be thought to border upon the country of the Tartars? It is yet unknown; and it is not likely that a people well enough at case will, of their own accord, undertake

to travel over a sea of ice, considering how many difficulties they shall encounter with. As, first, whether there be any land at the end of their unknown way, no land being in view; then want of food to sustain life in the mean time upon that sea of ice? Or how shall they do for fuel, to keep them at night from freezing to death? which will not be had in such a place. But it may perhaps be granted, that the natives of this country might originally come of the scattered Trojans; for after that Brutus, who was the fourth from Eneas, left Latium upon the conflict held with the Latins, (where, although he gave them a great overthrow, to the slaughter of their great captain and many others of the heroes of Latium, yet he held it more safely to depart unto some other place and people, than, by staying, to run the hazard of an unquiet life or doubtful conquest; which, as history maketh mention, he performed.) This people was dispersed, there is no question, but the people that lived with him, by reason of their conversation with the Grecians and Latins, had a mixed language that participated of both." This is the main ground of Morton, but he says much more upon the subject; as that the similarity of the languages of the Indians to the Greek and Roman is very great. From the examples he gives, we presume he knew as little about the Indian languages as Dr. Mather, Adair, and Boudinot, who thought them almost to coincide with the Hebrew. Though Morton thinks it very improbable that the Tartars came over by the north from Asia, because they could not see land beyond the ice, yet he finds no difficulty in getting them across the wide Atlantic, although he allows them no compass. That the Indians have a Latin origin he thinks evident, because he fancied he heard among their words Pasco-pan, and hence thinks, without doubt, their ancestors were acquainted with the god Pan.

Dr. Williamson says, "It can hardly be questioned that the Indians of South America are descended from a class of the Hindoos, in the southern parts of Asia." That they could not have come from the north, because the South American Indians are unlike those of the north. This seems to clash with the more rational views of Father Venegas. He writes as follows: "Of all the parts of America hitherto discovered, the Californians lie nearest to Asia. We are acquainted with the mode of writing in all the eastern nations. We can distinguish between the characters of the Japanese, the Chinese, the Chinese Tartars, the Mogul Tartars, and other nations extending as far as the Bay of Kamtschatka; and learned dissertations on them, by Mr. Boyer, are to be found in the acts of the imperial academy of sciences at Petersburg. What discovery would it be to meet with any of these characters, or others like them, among the American Indians nearest to Asia! But as to the Californians, if ever they were possessed of any invention to perpetuate their memoirs, they have entirely lost it; and all that is now found among them amounts to no more than some obscure oral traditions, probably more and more adulterated by a long succession of time. They have not so much as retained any knowledge of the particular country from which they emigrated." This is the account of one who lived many years among the Indians of California.

Mr. William Wood, who left New England in 1633, after a short stay, says, "Of their language, which is only peculiar to themselves, not inclining to any of the refined tongues-some have thought they might be of the dispersed Jews, because some of their words be near unto the Hebrew; but by the same rule, they may conclude them to be some of the gleanings of all nations, because they have words which sound after the Greek, Latin, French, and other tongues."

Mr. John Josselyn, who resided some time in New England, from the year 1638, says, "The Mohawks are about 500: their speech a dialect of the Tartars (as also is the Turkish tongue)." In another work, he says, "New England is by some affirmed to be an island, bounded on the north with the River of Canada (so called from Monsieur Cane,) on the south with the River Monhegan, or Hudson's River, so called because he was the first that discovered it. Some will have America to be an island, which out of question must needs be, if there be a northeast passage found out into the South Sea. It contains 1,152,400,000 acres. The discovery of the northwest passage (which lies within the River of Canada) was undertaken with the help of some Protestant Frenchmen, which left Canada, and retired to Boston about the year 1669. The northeast people of America, that is, New England, &c., are judged to be Tartars, called Samoades, being alike in complexion, shape, habit and manners."

Reverend Thomas Thorowgood published a book in 1652, to prove that the Indians were the Jews who had been "lost in the world for the space of near 2,000 years." Being written to for his opinion of the origin of the natives, "he kindly answers to those letters from Salem, in New England, 20th of the 10th month, more than 10 years since, in hæc verba." That they did not come into America from the northeast, as some had imagined, he thought evident for these reasons: 1, their ancestors affirm they came from the southwest,. and return thence when they die; 2, because they "separate their women in a little wigwam by themselves in their feminine seasons;" and、 3,"beside their god Kuttand to the southwest, they hold that Nanawitnawit (a god over head) made the heavens and the earth; and some taste of affinity with the Hebrew I have found."

Doctor Cotton Mather says, "It should not pass without remark, that three most memorable things which have borne a very great aspect upon human affairs, did near the same time, namely, at the conclusion of the fifteenth, and the beginning of the sixteenth century, arise unto the world: the first was the resurrection of Literature; the second was the opening of America; the third was the Reformation of Religion." The reader must now suminon his gravity. "But," this author continues, "as probably the Devil, seducing the first inhabitants of America into it, therein aimed at the having of them and their posterity out of the sound of the silver trumpets of the gospel, then to be heard through the Roman Empire. If the Devil had any expectation, that, by the peopling of America, he should utterly deprive any, Europeans of the two benefits, literature and religion, which dawned upon the miserable world, (one just before, the other just after,) the

first famed navigation hither, 'tis to be hoped he will be disappointed of that expectation." "The natives of the country," continues the Doctor, in another place, "now possessed by the New-Englanders, had been forlorn and wretched heathen ever since their first herding here; and though we know not when or how these Indians first became inhabitants of this mighty continent, yet we may guess that probably the Devil decoyed those miserable salvages hither, in hopes that the gospel of the Lord Jesus Christ would never come here to destroy or disturb his absolute empire over them. But our Eliot was in such ill terms with the Devil, as to alarm him with sounding the silver trumpets of heaven in his territories, and make some noble and zealous attempts towards ousting him of ancient possessions here. There were, I think, 20 several nations (if I may call them so) of Indians upon that spot of ground which fell under the influence of our three United Colonies; and our Eliot was willing to rescue as many of them as he could from that old usurping landlord of America, who is by the wrath of God the prince of this world."

Hubbard, who wrote about 1680, has this among other passages: "If any observation be made of their manners and dispositions, it's easier to say from what nations they did not, than from whom they did derive their origin. Doubtless, their conjecture who fancy them to be descended from the ten tribes of the Israelites, carried captive by Salamaneser and Esarhaddon, hath the least show of reason of any other, there being no footsteps to be observed of their propinquity to them more than to any other of the tribes of the earth, either as to their language or manners."

That because the natives of one country and those of another, and each unknown to the other, have some customs and practices in common, it has been urged by some, and not a few, that they must have had a common origin; but this, in our apprehension, does not necessarily follow. Who will pretend that different people, when placed under similar circumstances, will not have similar wants, and hence similar actions? that like wants will not prompt like exertions? and like causes produce not like effects? This mode of reasoning we think suf ficient to show, that, although the Indians may have some customs in common with the Scythians, the Tartars, Chinese, Hindoos, Welsh, and indeed every other nation, still, the former, for any reason we can see to the contrary, have as good right to claim to themselves priority of origin as either or all of the latter.

Doctor Robertson should have proved that people of color produce others of no color, and the contrary, before he said, "We know with infallible certainty, that all the human race spring from the same source," meaning Adam. He founds this broad assertion upon the false notion, that to admit any other would be an inroad upon the verity of the holy Scriptures. Now, in our view of the subject, we leave them equally inviolate in assuming a very different ground; namely, that all habitable parts of the world may have been peopled at the same time, and by different races of men. That it is so peo

pled, we know: that it was so peopled as far back as we have any

account, we see no reason to disbelieve. Hence, when it was not so, is as futile to inquire, as it would be impossible to conceive of the annihilation of space. When a new country was discovered, much inquiry was made to ascertain from whence came the inhabitants found upon it not even asking whence came the other animals. The answer to us is plain. Man, the other animals, trees and plants of every kind, were placed there by the supreme directing hand, which carries on every operation of nature by fixed and undeviating laws. This, it must be plain to every reader, is, at least, as reconcileable to the Bible history as the theory of Robertson, which is that of Grotius, and all those who have followed them.

Smith says, "There are found men and animals all over the habitable earth: who has put them upon it? We have already said, it is he who has made the grass grow in the fields; and we should be no more surprised to find in America men, than we should to find flies." Mr. Smith also says, "Some do not wish to believe that the caterpillars and the snails of one part of the world should be originally from another part: wherefore be astonished, then, that there should be in America some kinds of animals, and some races of men like our own?”

Voltaire has written upon the subject in a manner that will always be attracting, however much or little credence may be allowed to what he has written. The chapter is as follows: "Since many fail not to make systems upon the manner in which America has been peopled, it is left only for us to say, that he who created flies in those regions created man there also. However pleasant it may be to dispute, it cannot be denied that the Supreme Being, who lives in all nature, has created about the 48° two-legged animals without feathers, the color of whose skin is a mixture of white and carnation, with long beards approaching to red; about the line, in Africa and its islands, negroes without beards; and in the same latitude, other negroes with beards, some of them having wool and some hair on their heads; and among them other animals quite white, having neither hair nor wool, but a kind of white silk. It does not very clearly appear what should have prevented God from placing on another continent animals of the same species, of a copper color, in the same latitude in which, in Africa and Asia, they are found black; or even from making them without beards in the very same latitude in which others possess them. To what lengths are we carried by the rage for systems joined with the tyranny of prejudice! We see these animals; it is agreed that God has had the power to place them where they are, yet it is not agreed that he has so placed them. The same persons who readily admit that the beavers of Canada are of Canadian origin, assert that the men must have come there in boats, and that Mexico must have been peopled by some of the descendants of Magog. As well might it be said, that, if there be men in the moon, they must have been taken there by Astolpho on his hippogriff, when he went to fetch Roland's senses, which were corked up in a bottle. If America had been discovered in his time, and there had then been men in Europe systematic enough to have advanced, with the Jesuit Lefitau, that the Caribbees descended