and matured by travel and exercise. In the way in which his devotional exercises were conducted, we must perhaps find something to blame. His too literal interpretation of some passages in scripture, which led him to rise at one in the morning, must not only have been ultimately injurious to his own constitution, but, by depriving the constitution of repose at the time best and most naturally adapted to it, must have rendered the body and mind less fit for those social duties which are the great objects of our existence. The frequent watchings of the rest of the family were equally exceptionable, and the ceremonies which he used only as marks of reverence might be interpreted by his weaker dependents as signs of adoration. It is the broken and the contrite heart, not the frequently-bent knee, that God seems to require: it is the bowing down of the spirit, rather than the body, that he will not despise. If we look at the result of this retirement, the works composed by Mr. Ferrar, we shall find nothing very advantageous to the credit of this institution.

The only publication by Mr. Ferrar, but without his name, was a translation from Valdesso, entitled "The hundred and ten Considerations, &c. written in Spanish, brought out of Italy by Vergerius, and first set forth in Italian, at Basil by Cælius Secundus Curio, 1550. Afterwards translated into French, and printed at Lyons, 1563, and again at Paris, 1565. And now translated out of the Italian into English, with notes. Whereunto is added a preface of the author's to his Commentary on the Romans, Oxford, printed by Litchfield, 1638."1

FERRAR (ROBERT), the martyred bishop of St. David's in the sixteenth century, was an ancestor of the preceding, and born in Halifax parish, Yorkshire, probably at Ewood. He became, when a young man, a canou regular of the order of St. Austin, but in what priory or abbey is uncertain. Having partly received his academical education in Cambridge, he retired to a nursery for the canons of St. Austin, at Oxford, called St. Mary's-college (where Erasmus had before studied), and here we find him in 1526, and also in Oct. 1533, when as a member of the said college, he was admitted to the reading of the sentences, having a little before been opponent in divinity. About ́

'Life by Peckard, 1790, 8vo.—Life compiled by Mr. Gough for the sixth volume of the Biographia Britannica.

the same time he became chaplain to archbishop Cranmer, after whose example he married, a practice at that time disallowed among the popish clergy, and in the time of queen Mary, made the ground of a criminal charge. Dodd, who treats him with more respect than some protestant biographers, adopts from Wood the account, that he was among the first of the university of Oxford that received a tincture of Lutheranism, in which he was confirmed by Thomas Garret, curate of Honey-lane in London, who provided him with books for that purpose, and that in the year above-mentioned he was chosen prior of a monastery of his order, called Nostel, or St. Oswald's, in Yorkshire, which he surrendered to the commissioners upon the dissolution in 1540, being gratified with a pension of 100l. per annum.

This pension he enjoyed until his promotion to the see of St. David's, to which he was consecrated Sept. 9, 1548. He was the first bishop consecrated upon the bare nomination of the king, according to the statute which for that purpose was published in the first year of his (Edward VI.) reign. He had just before been one of the king's visitors in a royal visitation, and was at the same time appointed one of the preachers for his great ability in that faculty. As a bishop, Browne Willis says, he became a most miserable dilapidator, yielding up every thing to craving courtiers, and Wood speaks of him with all the rancour of a disciple of Gardiner. The fact, however, seems to be that when he first visited his diocese, he found, among other corruptions and dilapidations, that Thomas Young, the chaunter (afterwards archbishop of York), had pulled down the great hall in the palace for the sake of the lead, which he sold, and that he and Rowland Merick, one of the canons, and afterwards bishop of St David's, had stripped the cathedral of plate and ornaments, which they likewise sold for their own benefit. On this Dr. Ferrar issued out his commission to his chancellor for visiting the chapter, as well as the rest of the diocese, and a mistake in the drawing up of this commission appears to have given the bishop's enemies the first advantage they had over him. The chancellor, to whom he left the form of it, drew it up in the old popish words, in which the king's supremacy was not sufficiently acknowledged, although the bishop professed to visit in the king's name and authority. This, Young and Merick, with the bishop's register, George Constantine, whom he

had promoted, availed themselves of, not only to resist the commission, but to accuse the bishop of a præmunire. The prosecution consequent on this, preventing him from paying the tenths and first-fruits, afforded them another advantage, and he was imprisoned. They also exhibited fifty-six articles and informations against him, of the most frivolous kind, all which he fully answered; but the debt to the crown remaining unpaid, he was detained in prison until queen Mary's reign, when he was attacked on the score of heresy, and on Feb. 4, 1555, was brought, in company with Hooper, Bradford, and other martyrs, before Gardiner, bishop of Winchester, who, after treating him with brutal contempt, sent him on the 14th of the same month to his diocese, where he was to be tried by his successor, Morgan, whose interest it was that he should be condemned. The principal charges against him were, his allowing the marriage of priests, denying the corporal presence in the sacrament, affirming that the mass is not a sacrifice propitiatory for the quick and dead, declaring that the host ought not to be elevated or adored, and asserting that man is justified by faith alone. All these Morgan pronounced to be damnable heresies, degraded Dr. Ferrar from his ecclesiastical functions, and delivered him to the secular power. In consequence of this sentence, he was burned at Carmarthen, on the south side of the marketcross, March 30, 1555. It was remarkable, that one Jones coming to the bishop a little before his execution, lamented the painfulness of the death he had to suffer; but was answered, that if he once saw him stir in the pains of his burning, he should then give no credit to his doctrine. And what he said he fully performed, for he stood patiently, and never moved, till he was beat down with a staff.

His character, as we have already intimated, has been differently represented, bishop Godwin asserting that his ruin was owing to his own rigid, rough behaviour; but Fox seems clearly of opinion that the first prosecution against him was unnecessary and malicious, and that the second was commenced because he was a protestant. It is certain that many of the fifty-six articles which he was put to answer in the reign of Edward VI. were to the last degree frivolous, and showed themselves to be the offspring of a revengeful mind; such as riding a Scotch pad, with a bridle with white studs and snaffle, white Scotch stirrups,

and white spurs-wearing a hat instead of a cap-whistling to his child-laying the blame of the scarcity of herrings ⚫ to the covetousness of fishers, who in time of plenty, took so many that they destroyed the breeders; and lastly wishing, that at the alteration of the coin, whatever metal it was made of, the penny should be in weight worth a penny of the same metal. It is also to be noticed that the fall of the duke of Somerset, then lord protector, to whom he was chaplain, seems to have exposed him to the resentment of his enemies.

According to Burnet, bishop Ferrar was one of the committee nominated to compile the English liturgy, but his name does not occur among those who compiled the new liturgy in 1547, and therefore Burnet probably means that he was one of those appointed to correct the liturgy in the time of Henry VIII. in 1540. It is more certain that he acquiesced in the brief confession of faith, in conjunction with other protestant bishops and martyrs imprisoned in London, which was signed May 8, 1554, by Ferrar, Taylor, Philpot, Bradford, Hooper, &c. &c. Mr. Butler, in his excellent life of bishop Hildesley, enumerates our prelate among the bishops of Sodor and Mann, to which, according to that account, he must have been preferred in 1545, and resigned it some time before Jan. 1546.'

FERRARI (OCTAVIAN), an Italian author, was born of a noble family at Milan in 1518. After he had studied polite learning, philosophy, and physic, in the universities of Italy, he was chosen professor of ethics and politics, in the college founded by Paul Canobio at his instigation; and held this place eighteen years. The senate of Venice engaged him afterwards to remove to Padua, where he explained the philosophy of Aristotle, with so much skill and elegance, that Vimerat, who was professor at Paris under Francis I. returning to Italy upon the death of that king, fixed upon him, preferably to all others, for the publication of his works. He continued at Padua four years, and then returned to Milan; where he continued to teach philosophy till his death, which happened in 1586. Though he was excellently skilled in polite literature, yet he was principally famous for philosophy, being esteemed a

1 Fox's Acts and Monuments.-Harleian MSS. No. 420, where there are several papers relating to Ferrar's trial, not printed in Fox.-Watson's Halifax.Strype's Life of Cranmer, pp. 131, 147, 183, 309, 341, 345, 350.-Ath. Ox. vol. I,-Dodd's Church Hist.-Gent. Mag. vol. LXI. p. 605.

J

second Aristotle, nor was he less illustrious for his probity than for his learning.

He was the author of several works; as, 1. "De Ser-. monibus Exotericis, Venet. 1575," in which he treats of that part of Aristotle's doctrine, which was intended for all sorts of people, without meddling with the Acroamatics, which were only for the use of his scholars. This book was reprinted at Francfort, 1606, with a new dissertation of "De disciplina Encyclica," under the general title of "Clavis Philosophiæ Peripatetica Aristotelica." 2." De Origine Romanorum," Milan, 1607. Though death prevented Ferrari from putting the last hand to this work, Grævius thought proper to insert it in the first volume of his "Roman Antiquities," and added his own corrections to it. 3. He translated Athenæus into Latin, and wrote some notes upon Aristotle. 1

1

FERRARI (FRANCIS BERNARDINE), of the same family with the former, was born at Milan about 1577. He applied with great success to philosophy and divinity, as well as to the Latin, Greek, Spanish, and French languages, and was admitted a doctor of the Ambrosian college. His vast knowledge of books, and abilities in all kinds of learning, induced Frederic Borromeo, archbishop of Milan, to appoint him to travel into divers parts of Europe, in order to purchase the best books and manuscripts, to form a library at Milan. Ferrari accordingly went over part of Italy and Spain, and collected a great number of books, which laid the foundation of the celebrated Ambrosian library. About 1638, he was appointed director of the college of the nobles, lately erected at Padua; which office he discharged two years, and then, on account of indisposition, returned to Milan. He died in 1669, aged 92.

He wrote, 1." De Antiquo Ecclesiasticarum Epistolarum Genere, libri tres," Milan, 1613. 2. "De Ritu Sacrarum Ecclesiæ Catholicæ concionum libri tres," Milan, 1620, a curious work, which was afterwards printed at Utrecht, 1692, with a preface by John Grævius. 3. "De Veterum acclamationibus et plausu libri septem," Milan, 1627, likewise reprinted in the sixth volume of Grævius's "Roman Antiquities." Ferrari began several other works upon various points of antiquity, both ecclesiastical and

1 Gen. Dict.-Moreri,-Niceron, vols. V. and X.-Clement Bibl. Curieuse.Saxii Onomast,