The coronation of the queen closely resembled that in the English order; but the crowning, as in the case of the king, took place after the delivery of the sceptre and rod, and the anointing was done with a golden style.

At the mass which followed, the king and queen laid aside their crowns during the singing of the Gospel. The king and queen did not communicate until the mass was ended; they then received the sacrament in both kinds, the king first kissing the archbishop's hand. The service concluded with the blessing of the Oriflamme.

The form and order of the service as given in the 'Coronation Book of Charles V'continued to be that under which all succeeding kings of France were crowned, with only a few slight alterations, such as the addition, in 1484, of an anthem when the holy ampul was brought into the cathedral church.

To return once more to the English rite. It will be seen, as Mr Legg has pointed out, that the significance of the coronation has not really varied to any great degree during the whole length of the history of that service. Throughout the medieval period the idea of its likeness to the consecration of a bishop continued; but the changes of the seventeenth century suggest that by that time this likeness had been forgotten, though the structure of the service continued to show it. It was this likeness to an episcopal consecration, with its accompanying unction, which formerly gave to the anointing of the king its preeminent position. Since the disappearance of the unction from the ordinal or consecration service for English bishops, the royal anointing has decreased in importance; and the alterations of 1685 show that the crowning had then come to be regarded as the central act of the service, a fact emphasised in 1689 and since by the delivery of the crown after all the other ornaments.

It is much to be hoped that the recent issue of so much instructive literature on the subject will lead in future to a better appreciation of the meaning of the coronation service and its bearing upon the history of England.

THE

QUARTERLY REVIEW.

No. 392.-OCTOBER, 1902.

Art. I.-NATIONAL SOBRIETY.

1. The Temperance Problem and Social Reform.

By

Joseph Rowntree and Arthur Sherwell. Ninth edition. London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1901.

2. The place of Compensation in Temperance Reform. By C. P. Sanger. London: King, 1901.

3. Practical Licensing Reform. By the Hon. Sidney Peel. London: Methuen, 1901.

4. Licensing Administration in Liverpool. Compiled by the Liverpool Vigilance Committee. Nottingham: The Licensing Laws Information Bureau.

5. Popular Control of the Liquor Traffic. By Dr E. R. L. Gould. London: Cassell, 1894.

6. The Commonwealth as Publican; an Examination of the Gothenburg System. By John Walker. Westminster : Constable, 1902.

7. Drink, Temperance, and Legislation. By Arthur Shadwell. London: Longmans, 1902.

8. Report of the Central Public-house Trust Association (October 31, 1901), and Supplement (February 28, 1902). 9. Final Report of Her Majesty's Commissioners appointed to inquire into the Operation and Administration of the Laws relating to the Sale of Intoxicating Liquors. 1899. (C. 9379.) London: Eyre and Spottiswoode. And other works.

THE student whose sustained patience may bear him. through the long history of temperance legislation from the time of Edward VI, when the licensing system was first established, until the present day, cannot but be saddened by the story of this protracted struggle with Vol. 196.-No. 392.

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the evils of the drink traffic, a struggle reaching through nearly four hundred years of national history; for in it there is all the pathos of a great and noble conscience wrestling ineffectually with a besetting sin. The uniform failure of Act after Act to do more than temporarily allay the abuses which it was intended to root out will leave its impression on his mind, but he will appreciate the steady growth of a deeper and broader recognition among the people of the far-reaching evils which intemperance has fastened on the nation.

Had we only the Statute-book before us on which to base an estimate of the attention given to the temperance problem since the rejection by Parliament of Sir William Harcourt's Local Control Bill in 1895, we might be led to conclude that the nation, wearied by the persistent agitation of extreme doctrines and preoccupied by the South African war, had turned its thoughts away from such questions altogether; yet, as a matter of fact, the last five years have been remarkably full of activity and solid work and thought in the cause of temperance—an activity, moreover, which is characterised by a tendency to question old ideals, by the exploration of new paths for experiment, and by the influx of a large volume of moderate opinion into a field hitherto filled by the loud battle between the extreme Prohibitionists on the one side and the advocates of the 'trade' on the other. This period has seen three salient events in this connexion: firstly, the appearance of the Reports which are the outcome of the long and laborious investigation into the operation of the Liquor Licensing Laws by the Royal Commission presided over by Lord Peel; secondly, the publication and wide interest excited by Messrs Rowntree and Sherwell's book, 'The Temperance Problem and Social Reform'; and thirdly, the birth of a new movement in practical temperance reform called the Public-house Trust Movement, which is associated with the name of Lord Grey.

The eleven ample Blue-books in which the vast inquiry and the final reports of Lord Peel's Commission are recorded for the guidance and instruction of future legislators, form a mine of historical, critical, and statistical wealth on the subject of the Liquor Licensing Laws the magnitude of which has never before been equalled. It is difficult to decide whether it is a matter to deplore or

the reverse that at the last sittings differences arose among the commissioners which led to the issue of two separate reports. A unanimous report-if such a concord between all the shades of opinion represented on the Commission, from the prohibitionist views of Mr Whittaker on the one hand to the militant trade advocacy of Mr C. Walker on the other, were ever within the bounds of possibility-would certainly have carried immense weight; but, on the other hand, recommendations resulting from the compromise of so many diverse views might have fallen into that colourless and anæmic condition that often characterises resolutions framed on the wisdom of a middle course.

These two reports-the Majority Report, signed by the commissioners holding moderate views, Lord Windsor, Sir Algernon West, Mr Andrew Johnson, and others, as well as by the trade members; and the Minority Report, drafted by Lord Peel, and signed by the Archbishop of Canterbury, Mr Caine, Mr Whittaker, and the extreme temperance members of the Commission-reflect the views of the two most prominent types, the prohibitionist type and the moderate type of temperance opinion at the present day; and we may accept the most salient points dealt with in the two reports, when taken together, as indicating the questions that, at the moment, stand in the forefront of temperance politics These questions are: the very complex problem of compensation; the question of the reduction of licenses; the regulation of clubs; and those purely restrictive measures advocated by the extreme temperance party, that is to say, prohibition, Sunday-closing, and shorter hours of sale. We have not included the serving of children, for, having recently been the subject of legislation in the Child Messenger Act, this matter cannot be regarded as in the front rank of the temperance questions of the day. The question of the reform of the licensing authority hardly yields in importance to any of the above; but to consider it here would be to enter the labyrinth of that mass of uncodified legislation known as the Licensing Laws, a task altogether beyond the scope of the present article.

In whatever direction reform is to move, it must, at the outset, encounter the barrier of 'compensation.'

Whether we contemplate reducing licenses or abolishing them, or placing them under municipal or state control, the first step must always be to dispose of the question whether or not compensation shall be given to the dispossessed licensee; and, if it is given, on what basis of calculation it is to be reckoned, and from what source the necessary funds are to be raised. It is round this vexed question, entangled as it is with arguments of law, of equity, and of precedent, that the trade has thrown up its strongest entrenchments. The far-seeing and eminently worldly-wise generalship of its leaders and of the powerful bodies, such as the Licensed Victuallers' Central Protection Society of London, which shape the policy and organise the forces of the trade, has recognised the great strategical advantages which this question offers as a defensive position, and has chosen 'compensation' as the ground on which to accept battle. Once let Parliament recognise that the tenure of a license carries with it a legal vested right to compensation in the event of its being extinguished, and the position of the trade is enormously strengthened against assaults of any kind; for it must be remembered that, next to the agricultural interest, the liquor trade represents by far the largest and wealthiest interest in this country; and any measure that, by diminishing the consumption of liquor, would touch the pockets of the trade, would always find itself face to face with a legal demand for compensation, on a scale to which the £20,000,000 paid by the nation to the dispossessed slave-owners of the West Indies would be a mere trifle.

The claim of the trade is that a dispossessed licensee has a legal and vested right to be compensated at the full price which his house would fetch, or which it has fetched, in the open market. This claim is based on the following considerations-that, though the license is nominally only granted for one year, the custom of licensing magistrates for many years past has amounted, in practice, to establishing a certainty that a license will always be renewed, except in cases of misconduct: that this practice has given a security of tenure to the licensee which makes his license a marketable asset, and that for years past a traffic on a very large scale has taken place in licenses, most of the present holders having paid very highly for their licenses: