Emperors.

1643

FERDINAND III. 1657 LEWIS XIV.

2. DID the tragical death of Charles I. extinguifh

the hatred of the Independents?

A. The House of Commons would not allow his Majefty to be buried with the leaft pomp; caused several infcriptions, fixed in his honour, to be erafed; and fet Others in the fame places, in which he was ftiled a tyrant. 2. Did they proceed farther?

A. They published a declaration against the proclaiming of Charles Stuart (the late King's eldeft fon) or of any other perfon whatfoever, upon the penalty of being punished, as in cafes of high treafon. They next paffed an act, for abolishing all the kingly power, as ufefefs, burdenfome and dangerous. And fome time after, put a price upon Charles's head and the duke of Gloucefter, with Princess Elizabeth, then in their hands, were fent to the countess of Leicefter, who was intrufted with the care of their education.

2. What form of government now prevailed in England?

A. The House of Commons, annulling that of the Lords, fet up a Commonwealth; and obliged all perfons poffeffed

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poffeffed of any public poft, to take out new grants and fresh oaths, in order to qualify themselves for holding the fame.

2. Did Scotland and Ireland favour their proceedings?

A. The Irish recognized Charles II, as King, and put the marquis of Ormond at their head; but he was defeated before Dublin by colonel Jones, the 2d of Auguft; and obliged to retire, in expectation of a reinforcement promifed him.

2. What measures did the commonwealth of England take upon the news thereof?

A. Oliver Cromwell was unanimously chofen lordlieutenant of Ireland. That general had fent fuccours to the above-mentioned colonel Jones; when croffing into Ireland, at the head of 12,000 men, he beat the royalifts in several rencounters; and after having taken Drogheda and Kilkenny, feized upon the ftrongest places

in that island.

2. Did Oliver employ much time in obtaining these feveral conquefts?

A. He croffed into Ireland in Auguft, 1649, but was forced to return to England in 1650, upon advice fent him by the parliament, that the Scots had taken up arms in favour of Charles II. whom they had recalled, in order to fet him upon the throne; that Monarch arriving there the 16th of June.

2. Was Oliver as fuccefsful in Scotland as he had been in Ireland?

A. Fairfax having refigned to him the chief command of the forces, Oliver marched against the royalifts; defeated them at Dunbar the 3d of September, 1650; and took Leith and Edinburgh.

2. Was King Charles's party able to make oppofition after this?

A. The coronation of that Prince was folemnized at Scoon, the 1st of January, 1651; which being done, he put himself at the head of an army of 15,000 foot, and 3000 horse. He then went and posted himself advery vantageously, when Cromwell marched directly towards him; but not being able to draw the King out of his intrenchments,

trenchments, he retired. The latter, inftead of following Cromwell, entered England; and advancing as far as Worcester, was honourably received there.

2. Did the King always meet with fuccefs?

A. Oliver followed his Majefty with hafty marches, and found him when encamped within a mile of Worcester; upon which both armies came to an engagement the 3d of September, 1651. After fighting feveral hours, the King's troops were at last repulfed, and obliged to retire into the city. The enemy beginning to enter it, all the cavalry fled, abandoning the infantry, who were all killedor taken. The King himself was obliged to go off through St. Martin's gate, and very narrowly escaped being taken prifoner.

2. What became afterwards of King Charles?

A. He refolved to withdraw into France, and for that purpose confided in a faithful guide, who caufed him to difguife himself in a peafant's drefs, and led him through bye-ways. In this forlorn condition he spent a whole day on a tufted oak at Bofcobel, in Staffordshire, not far from the road; where he faw pafs under the trees, perfons who were fpeaking of him, fome of whom wifhed he might fall into their hands. His Majefty never travelled, except in the night, his guide concealing him, in the day-time, in cottages, where he was not known, and fed upon little elfe but milk.

2. Did he find an opportunity to escape`at last ?

4. After having undergone, during two months, great fatigues, croffed a great part of the kingdom (from Worcefter to the coaft of Suflex) and avoided a numberless multitude of dangers, he arrived happily in Normandy, the 22d of October, 1651. ~

2. Was England, during this interval, engaged in no foreign wars?

A. Yes; with the United Provinces. And mighty battles were fought between the fleets of the commonwealths of England and Holland, in 1652.

2. Did Oliver take advantage of the ruin of King Charles's party?

4. Having quelled, in a fhort time, the tumults that broke out in England and Scotland, he ufurped the fupreme authority;

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authority; when keeping the army on foot, he put down the parliament, the 20th of April; and appointed 144 perfons (known by the name of Barebone's parliament) to manage the administration; but they foon after refigning that power, he caused himself to be proclaimed Protector of the kingdoms of England, Scotland, and Ireland, the 16th of December, 1653.

OLIVER CROMWELL, Protector.

H

From 1653 to 1658.

WOW did Oliver conduct himself in his adminiftration?

A. He affumed a greater authority than ever any English Monarch had done; and having a frong army, which he kept fill on foot, and a confiderable naval force (both at his difpofal) he governed the parliament (who confirmed him in the Protectorship, anno 1657) with a defpotic fway, and awed the most rebellious fpirits into fubjection. A confpiracy was formed against his perfon by Gerard and Vowel; but this being unfuccefsful, only gave him an opportunity of ruling in the moft arbitrary manner.

2. What actions did he perform in the beginning of his protectorfhip?

A. He concluded a peace with the United Provinces, the treaty whereof was figned the 5th of April, 1654. The Dutch could not obtain it, before they had obliged themselves to pay 300,000l. for the damages done by them to the English for above thirty years past. Their fhips paid the English commonwealth the fame honours as they had done their Monarchs. They abandoned Charles II. and engaged themfelves not to receive any perfon's who fhould be banished from England.

2. Did not the French fue for Oliver's friendship?

d. Yes;

4. Yes; notwithstanding that the English fleet, in 1652, had not fcrupled to attack that of France, when failing to the fuccour of Dunkirk, then befieged by the Spaniards, and which they took the fame year: notwithstanding this affront, the French fought his friendship; and peace was accordingly proclaimed in London, the 23d of October, 1655.

2. Was there a harmony between Oliver and Spain?

A. The King of Spain had fhewn the utmoft partiality to the parliament. Nevertheless, Oliver was no fooner Protector, than he sent admiral Pen, the 24th of December, 1654, to made a defcent on the Ifland of Hifpaniola, but which Venables rendered unfuccefsful. From thence they failed to Jamaica, and took it with little difficulty, the 16th of May, 1655. Some time after, Blake and Montague took, near Cales, two Spanish ships richly laden, and funk others. Blake burnt fix Spanish galleons in the island of Teneriff; but this admiral dying on board his fhip, when returning to England Oliver buried him with great funeral pomp, and caufed his remains to be folemnly depofited in Henry the Seventh's Chapel in Weftminfter-abbey.

2 Did Oliver perform any other important action? : A. He concluded a league with France against Spain, in 1656, when the confederate army having taken Dunkirk and Mardyke, they were both put into Oliver's hands.

2. Did he give any other marks of his great power and authority?

A. Don Pantaleon Sa, knight of Malta, and brother to the Portugueze ambaffador, having committed a murder, Oliver caufed him to be beheaded. Oliver had forced the amballador to deliver him up. This action had made a great noise, and heavy complaints broke out, upon that account, at Lifbon; but as the Portugacze were not then in a condition to revenge themfelves, a peace was conce was con cluded, in 1656.

1.. 2. What have you to fay farther concerning the Protector ?

4. After having established his authority upon the ruins of the parliament, the members whereof were merely his creatures, and made the protectorate hereditary in his family and after refufing the crown, which the fame parliament

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