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422 Ancient Anecdotes, from Valerius Maximus.

local object of which there are any traces to be found, and cherish the fond ideas inseparably attached to them; to improve the moral sentiment conveyed by those two monumental and familiar implements, whereby the regular divisions of the passing day are shewn, and the ultimate extent of human life is measured, which still remain to admonish me that one is emblematic of the fixed and final state of all who are departed to eternity, and the other of our near and incessant approach to the unknown and boundless regions of our future existence.

THE

W. B.

Ancient Anecdotes, &c. from VALERIUS MAXIMUS, by Dr. CAREY, West Square. (Continued from p. 199.) THE Roman general, Titus Quintius Flamininus*, having defeated Philip king of Macedonia, caused proclamation to be made at the Isthmic games, where universal Greece was assembled, that all the Greek cities which had been subject to the Macedonian yoke, should thenceforward be free and independent, and exempt from tribute. On the annuntiation of such joyous and unexpected tidings, so loud a shout of exultation was raised by the countless multitude around, that some birds (Plutarch says, crows), which happened to be flying over the scene, were stunned with the noise, and fell, stupefied, to the ground. Lib. 4, 8, 5.

Alexander the Great, in one of his marches, was overtaken by a violent snow-storm, and obliged to halt. While seated near a fire, he chanced to see an aged soldier benumbed with cold, and nearly deprived of animation. At this discovery, he sprang to the sufferer, took him up in his arms, and placed him in his own seat, observing, that what would have been death by the Persian laws, (meaning the act of sitting on the king's throne) should to him be life. -Lib. 5, 1, ext. 1.

When Pyrrhus was at Tarentum, whither be had been invited to join in a war against the Romans, he was

Flamininus, not Flaminius, as he is sometimes erroneously called.-The readers of Roman history know that two different names. that these a

are

[May,

informed that some of the inhabitants, in the freedom of convivial merriment, had spoken disrespectfully of him. On receiving this information, he summoned the parties to appear before him, and inquired of them whether it was true that they had used such language: whereupon, one of their number candidly acknowledged the fact, adding, "What has been reported to you, is a mere trifle, compared to what we would further have said, if our wine had not failed us."-The bold naïveté of this reply converted Pyrrhus'es frown into a smile; and he dismissed the offenders unpunished.— Lib. 5, 1, ext. 3.

While Pisistratus exercised despotic power at Athens, his daughter was met in the street by a young man, who forcibly ravished from her a kiss at which liberty the young lady's mother was so incensed, that she urged the tyrant to punish the however, instead of gratifying her offender with death. Pisistratus, resentment, coolly asked, "If we kill those who love us, what shall we do to those who hate us?"-Lib. 5, 1, ext. 2. [This reply loses, in some measure, its point, not only in my English translation, but also in Valerius'es Latin; as the original words of Pisistratus (recorded by Plutarch) contain a double entendre, which cannot be rendered in either language; the same word, in the Greek, signifying both to love and to kiss. And, à propos, this reminds me of a curious enigmatic epigram, which I recollect to have somewhere read, containing a play on the same word. I here quote it, as likely to prove ac ceptable to some of your readers, who enigma, when they advert to its title. will find no difficulty in solving the

Εις Δυσώδη.

Ει με φίλεις, μισεις με και, ει μισείς με, φιλείς με

Καν δε με μη μισης, φίλτατε, μη με
Φιλει.]

(To be continued.)

Mr. GRAHAM thanks Mr. Francis of Colchester for rectifying the mistake made at the Anniversary of Goldsmith, respecting the death of Mr. Newell, and is happy to learn that that ingenious Editor of Goldsmith's Poems is in good health. Mr. F. has accounted for the

error.

REVIEW OF NEW PUBLICATIONS.

61. Archæologia; or, Miscellaneous Tracts relating to Antiquity, published by the Society of Antiquaries of London. Vol. XIX. Parti. 4to. pp. 208.

WE Antiquaries have been denominated old women; but we think the lace and materials of our venerable mob-caps to be full as valuable as the finery of many poetical misses, strumpet Infidel writers, and historical market-women, although their usual appearance in breeches leads to great mistakes concerning their actual sex. Whether, however, we are to rank as blue-stockings only, or males, we care not. We are sufficiently satisfied that our sisters or brothers, or whatever we are to style them, make a very reputable appearance in this Volume; for the articles are more novel and elaborate than many of those which formerly were published, more from respect to the worldly station of the writer, than their real value. We shall enumerate the articles successively.

I. Of the King's tille of Defender of the Faith, by Alexander Luders, Esq.

Mr. Luders gives a learned account of this title under our Kings, and traces it up to Richard the Second. But we see no inconsistency in Henry's retaining it after his secession from the see of Rome, because the bloody six articles show that he was exceed ingly tenacious of particular points of faith. As to the title, it certainly conferred no honour upon our Kings, and was only an antient mode by which Sovereigns expressed their determination to support the established Christian Faith; and the appellation had a peculiar propriety and very beneficial operation, when a great part of Europe consisted of beathens. Thus it was very suitably adopted by Charlemagne, who converted many by the sword, and who styled himself, in 769, "devotum sanctæ Ecclesiæ defensorem." (See Ducange, v. Ad vocatus.) Defender, as here meunt, was synonimous with Advocate, as we find by Ducange and Spelman, and the author of the Middle Age, whom they quote. They might have added,

that it is used in the same sense by Cicero, when he says, 66 Accusatoris officium est, inferre crimina; Defensoris diluere et propulsare." (Ad Sterenn. 1. IV. Opera i. p. 57. Lond. ed. fol.) Still, however, the term Defensor was very hackneyed and undignified, being applicable to police officers, similar to Majors, &c.; as may be seen from the novels of Justinian, Cassiodorus, &c.

II. A Letter from Q. Elizabeth to James VI. of Scotland.

In this Letter we see the masculine mind of the Royal Virago, in the classical honourable sense of that word. The Letter itself is a college tutor's jobution of James, charging him, as we understand it, with cowardice and story-telling.

III. An attempt at a Glossary of some words used in Cheshire. By Roger Wilbraham, Esq. F.R.S. and S.A.

All provincialisms are archaisms. (p. 15.) The use which we should like to see made of such collections, would be that of ascertaining the va rious stemmata of our ancestors, now classed under the two sweeping terms of Celts and Saxons: though, we apprehend, that Britain was first peopled by ten or twenty different races of men, who, as it is an island, came over occasionally in vessels, and settled in detached spots. We have been at towns in Devonshire, on market days, and observed the round Belgic faces of the peasantry, undistinguishable except in minutiæ; and their names (though we know that surnames are not antique), as Pobjoy, Tooze, &c. are singular and foreign. As to a Patois of any kind, it is a misfortune that it exists, for it vulgarizes and degrades numerous respectable people, whose education has been imperfect, and can have no possible good, unless it be to abbreviate expression. Thus we believe the Latin preposition Clam to have as much originated in slang or vulgarism, as a Tandem, applied to a carriage; for, independ ently of the wit of the pun, who could otherwise designate a one-horse chaise, drawn by two horses? The word Gig is far worse, on the score of pedigree.

Force

424

REVIEW. Archeologia, Vol. XIX.

---

Force of diction is always weakened by circumlocution; and it is ‹ never endured, as to things in common use. The following provincialism proves our remark: "Dithing, s. a trembling or vibrating motion of the eye.' (p. 24.) Notwithstanding, we should prefer borrowing from another lan guage, or professional terms; at any rate, let us have mullum in parvo; no French se tenir debout for stand.

IV. An Account of a Stone Barrow at Stony Littleton, co. Somerset. By Sir R. C. Hoare, bart. &c.

The worthy Baronet, to whom Archæology is so deeply indebted, observes, concerning barrows:

"In endeavouring to investigate and develope the history of these great efforts of human art, much time and expense have been lavished, and, I fear, without much profit or information. We have invariably found the sepulchral deposit placed under the East, or most distinguished end of the tumulus, and the interments to consist of skeletons buried in an irregular and promiscuous manner, and unaccompanied by those fine uros, gilt daggers, &c. which have rewarded our labours in the bowl and well-shaped barrows. From these circumstances, we might be led to suppose that they had been raised over the bodies of the lower class of people; but can we suppose, that

the British tribes would have raised such immense mounds for this purpose?" P. 44.

Here are two leading points to be considered; the difference between the long and the round barrow, and the magnitude of these monuments. Upon these two points we shall beg to offer to the learned Baronet some elucidations, which, we believe, have never been before exhibited, and are, we hope, as satisfactory as the double meaning of tumulus for a barrow or sepulchre will permit.

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Whoever sees the plan of the kistvaens in this large oblong barrow, (exhibited in Plate 1.) will observe a manifest assimilation, though more rude, to the subterranean sepulchral chambers, engraved by Denon. These oblong barrows, we conceive, to have been formerly sepulchres, from the following authority: "At the entrance upon the second or Southern bridge of Lochy in Scotland, a piece of wall, about six feet high, is raised on the left, in which there is a small gate with iron bars, through which is seen a path leading to an enclosure with a mount or hillock in the middle,

[May,

thickly covered with pine trees, situ ate at the lower end of the island, near the point where the united streams of the Dochart and Lochy fall into the lake. This place, which might readily be mistaken for a Druidical grove, is the burial-place of the chiefs of the family or clan of Macnab. It is customary with the great Highland families, to have upon their estates exclusive burial places for themselves and their relations, distinct from the church-yards or common burial-grounds of the parishes."-(Sketch of a Tour in the Highlands, through Perthshire, Argyleshire, and Invernesshire, in 1818, Pp. 101, 102.)-This passage shows the sagacity of Stukeley, where he says, that "barrows were commonly placed upon the brink of hills, hanging over a valley, where doubtless their dwellings were."—Itin. I. p. 6.

As to the magnitude of barrows, there were three distinct causes of this property.

The first is thus stated by Gilpin, who is speaking of Silbury Hill: "A our, ancestors could not aim at immortality by a bust, a statue, or a piece of bas relief, they endeavoured to obtain it by: works of enormous labour."-(Tour on the Wye, p. 154.) -Plutarch and Vitruvius mention an offer of Stasicrates or Dinocrates to carve Mount Athos into a statue of Alexander, holding in his hand a city capable of containing ten thousand men. (Alberti de re ædificatoria, fal. 83, 4to, Paris, 1518.)

The second cause was the celebration of games upon them, in honour of the deceased, every year. This custom is mentioned by Virgil (Eneid V. lin. 46, seq.), where Eneas commences the anniversary by a libation made upon the barrow of Anchises. Stukeley says (Itiner. I. 108), "On the top of the great barrow, called Shipley Hill, are several oblong double trenches, cut in the turf, where the lads and lasses of the adjacent villages meet upon Easter Monday early, to be merry with cakes and ale, A similar custom is still observed, upon a large barrow in Herefordshire, called Caple-Tump, near Ross. At, a part of the walls of Agrigentum was a little hillock called La Metá, supposed to have been named from the use antiently made of it; for it is asserted, that this spot was appropri

ated

1821.]

REVIEW.-Archæologia, Vol. XIX.

ated to some gymnastic games, such as horse and chariot races.-(Denon's Sicily, p. 223, Eng. Trans. See the quotation from Suetonius, further on.) Before proceeding to the third cause of size in barrows, we shall make another extract from Sir R. C. Hoare:

"A false idea has prevailed respecting the sepulchral mounds, which we see so thickly dispersed over the chalky hills in Wiltshire and Dorset. They have been called battle barrows, as if raised over the bodies of the Britons who were slain in battle. The barrow, in my opinion, was

a grave of honour, raised over the ashes

of the chieftain, not of the vassal, whose remains were deposited in the parent earth, without the distinguishing mark of an elevated mound. I am inclined to form this conjecture, from the frequent discoveries made in our bare downs, of skeletons, sine tumulo, and many of our large barrows have been found to contain the bones or ashes of one single corpse." P. 44.

This conjecture, as the Baronet modestly styles his opinion, is, we think, the "honos tumuli," which Turnus grants to the body of Pallas. —(Æo. X. 493.)-But this honos tumuli, or the honour of a barrow, was, in the main at least, confined to military characters; and the size of the barrows denoted the estimation in which the deceased was held. Vopiscus, speaking of the Emperor Probus, says, "Pugnavit et singulari certamine contra quendam Aradionem in Africa, eumdemque prostravit, et quia fortissimum ac pertinacissimum viderat, sepulchro ingente honoravit, quod adbuc exstat tumulo usque ad ducentos pedes lato, per milites, quos ociosos esse nunquam est passus." As to Probus himself, the same author says, "Ingens ei sepulchrum elatis aggeribus*, omnes pariter milites fecerunt." Hist. August. Scriptor. II. 293, 294. ed. Sylburg.

From these passages we infer, that oblong barrows, with kistvaens, are family sepulchres of the principal Celts; and insulated round barrows, called by Trogus, tumuli heroum those chieflyt of military men of rank;

66

*Aggeres, according to the use of the word in this age (see Ammianus Marcellinus, I. 31.) signified causeways or raised roads: "Vitatis aggeribus publicis." + We say chiefly, because illustrious females may have been buried under sin gle barrows. See Archæologia, XV. 127. GENT. MAG, May, 1821.

425

the size of the barrow denoting the bravery of the person. As to barrows over the dead killed in battle, which barrows occur at Marathon, &c. the bones or skeletons promiscuously heaped up would detect these. But still there is a difficulty. At Trelleck in Monmouthshire, a battle was undoubtedly fought between Harold and the Welsh; for the column mentioned by Giraldus Cambrensis, and inscribed “Hic fuit victor Haroldus,” in an adjoining field are three large has been but recently destroyed; and sepulchral cippi, and not far off, an

enormous barrow, and some cairns. The former, tradition says, was originally composed, as to the interior, of the bodies of the slain. Suetonius has "Mutinensi acie interemtorum civium tumulo publicè extracto."

(Aug. 12.)-Here there may be a doubt whether tumulus does not rather imply a sepulchre than a barrow or mound of earth; but the latter seems generally to be meant, when the tumulus is said to be the work of the soldiers. 66 nicipiorum coloniarumque primores Corpus ejus per mususcipientibus obviis scribarum decuriis, ad urbem devectum, sepultumque est in Martio Campo. Cete

rum exercitus honorarium ei tumu

lum excitavit; circa quem deinceps stato die quotannis miles decurreret, Galliarumque civitates publicè supplicarent. Sueton. in Claud. c. 1.”— Here we conceive tumulus to mean a barrow; as does the Delphin annotator on the passage, who quotes Virgil, En. 11, for an empty barrow being a cenotaph :

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manesque vocabat Hectoreum ad tumulum, viridi quem cespite manem," &c.

And Eutropius records a similar in-
stance of a cenotaph being erected to
Gordian: « Κατεσκευασε δε αύτω, μνης
μη των πεπραγμένων ήρωον ὁ στρατος,
i. e. Paravit miles ei memoriâ ejus
rerum gestarum ngwov (1. IX.) TO
σωμα δε εἰς την Ῥωμην ἔκόμισε, Exse-
quius Romam revexit. Ibid. Lilius
Giraldus, De Sepulchris (printed in
Xerxis Præfecti memorabile fuit mo-
Boissard, IV. 46), says, "Artacha
numentum, quod ab universo illo
Xerxis exercitu tellure congesta con-
structum fuit." Justin, too, says,
(lib. XI. c. 5), "In Ilio quoque ad

Tumulos

426

REVIEW. Robinson on the Mexican Revolution. [May,

Tumulos heroum, qui Trojano bello occiderant, parentavit (Alexander.]

We omit the religious appropriation of Barrows, mentioned by Dr. Clarke, because our intention is, as far as in us lies, to confirm the happy idea of Sir Richard Colt Hoare, that the single barrow was a grave of honour, the honos tumuli of Virgil. The interment in a barrow was among the Scythians limited to the Ķings. Lil. Girald, ub. sup. p. 27.

(To be continued.)

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hawk of an Indian savage, and the author has taken every opportunity of exposing them. He complains bitterly of the "barbarous treatment he received from the Spanish Govera ment, during an imprisonment of two years and a half!" without the least justifiable cause. He states that he visited Vera Cruz, in 1816, for the purpose of having an interview with some of the Mexican authorities, on whom he had drafts for considerable sums, and scarcely obtained the least satisfaction. He lastly visited Tehuacan, and thence accompanied the patriot General Teran, in his expedition against Guasacualco: bis beng present at the affair of Playa Vicente, was the chief cause of the hardships he experienced.

On the morning of the 8th September, Teran took possession of the village of Playa Vicente, situated on a branch of the river Tustepec, which the enemy had abandoned the day previous. The body of the patriot army, encamped on the bank of the river, opposite to the village ; intending to cross it in the evening, on rafts to be constructed for the purpose. In the mean time, the general, unapprehensive of danger, passed over to the vil lage, with about fifteen men, The writer had accompanied him, and was regaling himself with eating pine-apples, in a garden at the extremity of the village, when a sudden discharge of musquetry aroused mediately beheld Teran and his little party him from his feelings of security. He im defending themselves against a consider. able body of the enemy. The condict was short: Teran, with one or two of his men, escaped to the river, and swam across, amidst a shower of balls: the rest of the party were cut to pieces.

THE Author of this Work is an American merchant, of respectable connexions, and highly esteemed by his countrymen. He possessed every advantage of becoming acquainted with the transactions of Mexico from long personal observation, and he has thus been enabled to present to the world a most circumstantial relation of the sanguinary proceedings that have existed for years in that portion of the globe. The facts have been collected with the greatest care, and have been the result of more than twenty years observation. His first visit was to Caracas, in the year 1799, where he was occupied in extensive mercantile engagements with the Spanish authorities till the year 1806. Although Mr. Robinson has produced considerably more information relative to the Mexican Revolution, should adopt to obtain ultimate safety. his situation, and the course which he and South American hostilities, than He conceived it possible that Teran would any writer of the present day, still attack and re-capture the village, in which there is so strong a party feeling ma- case he might again have an opportunity nifested throughout against the Spa of pursuing his route to Guasacualco; and nish authorities, that the Reader continued to flatter himself with this delushould receive his statements with the sive hope for five days, when he became utmost caution. He was doubtless an so exhausted by hunger that he could injured man, and consequently viewed scarcely move. In this wretched condievery transaction of the Spanish Go- tion, and on the point of perishing in the vernment with a jaundiced eye; though woods, he determined to deliver up his it must be allowed, that the sangui- person to the royalists. Accordingly, on nary myrmidons of his Catholic Mathe evening of the 12th September, he jesty have committed fiendlike acts of inbumanity and injustice that would have disgraced the relentless toma

"During this perilous affray, the writer effected his retreat to a small thicket, He here had ample leisure to reflect upon which afforded him security for the time.

crawled from his place of concealment, reached the road to the village, and with great difficulty walked to the head-guarters of the royalists. Being almost co

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