The Speech Chain: The Physics and Biology of Spoken Language

acoustic cues air particles amplitude articulation score audible axon bandwidth basilar membrane brain called cardinal vowels cavity Chapter cochlea complex components compression cps tone CYCLES PER SECOND decibel displacement eardrum energy English example experiments formant frequencies FREQUENCY IN CYCLES fricative hair cells hearing helicotrema intelligibility larynx linguistic lips listener loudness level lungs masking mass motion move nasal natural frequency nerve fibers nervous system neuron normal Organ of Corti oval window pass filter Pattern-Playback patterns peaks pharynx phonemes phons pitch plosive burst plosive consonant produced pulses pure tones quency resonant frequencies response rest position sensory sentence shape shown in Fig shows signals sinusoidal soft palate sound pressure sound waves speaker spectral spectrograms speech chain speech production speech recognition speech sound waves speech spectrum speech wave square centimeter stapes stimulation syllable threshold tion tongue positions transmitted tube vocal cords vocal organs vocal tract watts per square waveshape words