have either been educated at an elementary military school, or who pass a specified entrance examination, are admitted. The object of the school is to instruct the students in topography and drawing, with a view to their filling up vacancies in the topographical corps. There are two departments: one, the topographical, being divided into three classes, the other the conductors' department, into four classes. At the the termination of the course of instruction, the students are appointed as topographers, conductors, or secondclass clerks, according to their qualifications.

(4.) The Elementary Military School at Tiflis.

This school admits 500 pupils. The conditions for entrance are similar to those laid down for other elementary military schools. The pupils are specially trained for draughtsmen, engravers, clerks, or for gymnastic and fencing-masters in the topographical department and army of the Caucasus. Board and instruction are provided for by the State.

(5.) The Topographical School.

The topographical school at St. Petersburg, contains 40 pupils, the course of instruction extending over two years. Intelligent non-commissioned officers of the topographical corps, and civilians not over 19 years of age, who have received an elementary education, are admitted to the school, and trained for officer-topographers and officials. At the end of the second year's course those who receive the certificate excellent' are appointed sub-lieutenants, the certificate very good' are appointed ensigns, 'good' officials of the 12th class, in the topographical corps.

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(6.) The Military Law School.

This school, also at St. Petersburg, contains 100 students, the course of instruction extending over three years. Of these 60 are boarded and educated at the expense of the State, and 40 at their own expense. The school is open to youths who have received a college education, or, failing this, who pass a prescribed examination. The object is to train officials for the department of military law.

(7.) The School for Dressers.

These schools are established at St. Petersburg, Moscow, and Kiev, and are capable of admitting, in all, 600 students. The course of instruction extends over three years, the object in view being to train the students to become field-dressers (surgeons' assistants) and apothecaries' apprentices. Young men are admitted who have either gone through an elementar school or who pass a prescribed examination.

The course of instruction includes the following subjects: Re

ligion, Russian, and Latin, anatomy, pharmacy, pharmacology and compounding medicines, assisting in cases of accidents, sickness, and suspended animation.

(8) The School for Riding-Masters.

This school (at St. Petersburg) admits 40 pupils, from 16 to 21 years of age. The course lasts six years, and embraces hippology, riding, and veterinary instruction. On leaving the school, the students are appointed as riding-masters in the cavalry and artillery.

(9.) The Medico-Chirurgical Academy.

This academy is at St. Petersburgh; the number of students is not limited; 280 medical and 20 veterinary students receive, their board and education at the public expense, and there are also a certain number who receive stipends towards their education.

The object of the academy is to train an efficient body of military surgeons, veterinary surgeons, and apothecaries.

There are three departments, one the medical, another the pharmaceutical, and the third the veterinary departinent. The medical course lasts for five years, the second for three years, the third for four years. Each year's course opens at the beginning of September, and closes at the end of June. Young men who have completed their sixteenth year are admitted after they have gone through a course of philosophy.

At the close of each academical year examinations are held in the presence of the whole staff of professors, and the students receive appointments as surgeons, apothecaries' assistants, or veterinary surgeons.

This academy enjoys the same privileges with a university, and confers degrees on doctors of medicine, surgeons, dentists, district surgeons, inspectors of hospitals, &c.

Gold and silver medals are awarded to the most successful of the students who are educated at the public expense.

Students who are appointed as surgeons at the completion of their fifth year's course are sent to one of the military hospitals to learn the practical part of their profession; the first ten on the list are attached to the military hospital No. 2, at St. Petersburg, where they remain two years, and then go up for examination for their M. D. degree; during their third year they have to give a dissertation on some professional subject. Those who fail to comply with the requirements are placed at the disposal of the head of the medical department of the ministry of war. The six students who carry off the highest honors at the M. D. examination are entitled to an annual allowance of 1,000 roubles (156l. 58.) after the completion of

the three years' service in the hospitals, and are then sent abroad for two years, in order to finish their education, at the public expense. On their return home, they are generally appointed as professors at the academy.

Surgeons educated at the public expense are compelled to serve for thirteen years, and those educated at their own expense for eight years, in the army. Doctors of medicine sent abroad at the cost of the State have to serve two additional years for each year spent abroad.

IV. SCHOOLS FOR THE HIGHER PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION OF OFFICERS.

(1.) The Nicholas General Staff Academy.

This academy, with a geodetical division is established at St. Petersburg. The course lasts for two years; the number of students is limited to 100, besides twenty officers in the geodetical division.

The academy is open to all officers of and below the rank of major in the army, staff captain in the old guard, captain in the young guard, artillery, and technical corps, who pass a preliminary examination at the head-quarters of the district in which they are stationed, and a special examination at the academy. They must have served at least four years with their regiments.

Officers belonging to the garrison of St. Petersburg are exempted from the preliminary examination.

Candidates who are successful at the preliminary examination receive certificates to that effect, and are relieved from all regimental duty for a period of four months, at the expiration of which they must undergo the special entrance examination at the academy. The subjects in which the candidates are examined are the following:

1. Mathematics, including plane trigonometry. 2. Drill regulations of all arms.

3. Stody of the arms in use in the service. 4. Fortification.

5. General history.

6. Geography.

7. Russian.

8. German and French.

Those standing highest on the list of precedence at this examination are admitted to the academy, the remainder returning to their regiments; those who have not passed a satisfactory examination are informed by the examination commission whether they will be allowed to compete again in the following year. If they are again unsuccessful, they are not allowed to compete a third time.

Officers who may be sent back to their regiments on account of unsatisfactory progress whilst at the academy, are allowed to come up again for the entrance examination with the consent of the head of the academy. Direct admission to the second year's course of the academy may be obtained on passing the final examination of the first year's course.

The object of this academy is to educate officers for the general staff, and to extend scientific knowledge in the army.

The subjects of instruction are as follows; they may be divided

A syllabus of lectures is drawn up by the professors of the academy, and, when approved of by the war minister, must be strictly adhered to.

At the final examination the students are classified according to marks obtained as follows:

Officers who, at the end of the first year's course, fail to obtain an average of eight units in the principal subjects' very good,' and of six in the secondary subjects 'good,' are sent back to their regi

ments.

Those who, at the end of the second year's course, obtain an average of 11 units, 'very good,' in the principal subjects, receive the small silver medal of the academy, and those who obtain 12 units, excellent,' in the same subjects, the large silver medal. Those who obtain the mark of 'excellent' in all the subjects of both groups, receive a gold medal, and, if below the rank of major, receive a step of promotion, without regard to any vacancies there may be. Majors receive instead, one year's pay.

The medalist receive also the cross of the academical order, and are appointed to the general staff, according to merit. Should there be no vacancies, their names are noted for appointment.

The number of regular students at the academy is limited; the commandant, however, can give permission to any officers quartered in St. Petersburg to attend the lectures, without having to pass any entrance examination. Should these extra students pass the examination at the end of the course of study, they are granted all the privileges and emoluments of the regular students.

The geodetical division is attached to the academy, and is under the charge of the same officer.

The course of study extends over a period of two years. The conditions of admission are the same as for the academy, but the

candidates are also examined in analytical geometry, and differential and integral calculus.

The subjects of instruction, which may be divided into two groups, as follows:

The officers of the geodetical division are classified on the same system as the students of the academy, and are granted the same privileges and emoluments.

At the end of the course they are sent to the Nicholas Observatory, at Pulkov, where they go through a two years' course of practical instruction, after which they join the topographical corps as geodetical surveyors; they also receive the cross of the academical order.

The course of study both at the academy and the geodetical division, commences at the beginning of October and terminates at the end of September.

(2.) The Michael Artillery Academy.

This academy is also at St. Petersburg, and admits 60 officers; the course of instruction extends over two years.

All officers of artillery, below the rank of staff captain, inclusive (or sub-lieutenants in the old, lieutenants in the young guard), who have done duty for two years with their regiments and have passed either the artillery war school or the physico-mathematical course at some university, with honor, are eligible for admission. Officers of other branches of the service similarly qualified, are also admitted to the school, after doing duty for one year with the field artillery.

The examination for admission is conducted in the presence of the commandent of the academy, and all the professors and candidates, and embraces the following subjects:

1. Artillery.

2. The elements of calculus.

3. Artil ery drill regulations.

4. Study of the arms in use,

5. General history

6. Geography.

7. Russian.

8. Gerinan or French (according to choice).

The subjects of instruction, which are divided into two groups,

are the following:

Principal Subjects.

1. Ballistics.

2. Technology.

3. History of artillery.

4. Artillery organization and tactics.

5. Artil ery administrat.on.

6. Applied mechanics.

Secondary Subjects.

7. Higher mathematics.

8 Mechanics.

9. Natural philosophy and chemistry. 10. Geometrical drawing.

Riding.

During the summer months the students are sent to visit the imperial artillery and naval establishments, and other private technical