requisite pressure. But whatever differences of opinion may exist elsewhere, there are none on the point amongst the citizens of Haarlem. A collection of books printed by Coster is the most precious part of the public library. The market-place has been adorned by his statue. The fourth centenary of the invention was celebrated in 1824 with great ceremony, and as if to signalize the circumstance under which the first letters were cut, a monument in honour of the ancient" wanderer through the woods," was erected in the Haarlem Bosch, a delightful grove near the town, famous for the great height and beauty of its trees.

Guttenberg escaped with his booty to Amsterdam, from thence he removed to Cologne, and finally he settled in his native place, Mentz. He immediately commenced operations as a printer. "It is a known fact," says Adrian the Younger," that within the twelve months, that is in the year 1440, he published the Alexandri Galli Doctrinale," a grammar at that time in high repute, "with Petri Hispani Tractalibus Logicis, with the same letters which Laurentius used. These were the first products of his press." And now it is necessary to introduce another John Guttenberg, the existence of whom has aided in making "confusion worse confounded." In the early history of printing, Guttenberg had a younger brother, and they were distinguished from each other by their surnames, the elder

being called John Geinsfleich and the younger John Guttenberg. It was not an uncommon thing for two brothers to bear the same Christian name in the days in which the Guttenbergs lived. The younger Guttenberg, like the elder, was a man of ability; he had also been forced to leave Mentz, having been implicated in an insurrection; and he was also driven to earn a subsistence by mechanical labour. While the elder Guttenberg was in the service of Coster, it would appear that the younger brother had visited him, and picked up a knowledge of the existence of the new art. He went to Strasbourg, and there he entered into a partnership with some of its citizens, binding himself to disclose to them an important secret, by which they should make their fortunes. But he had not yet acquired the secret himself. He had only discovered that there was a secret art of printing. He wasted his own time, and the money of his partners, in fruitless experiments. He never printed a book; they never received back an obolus of their money. Yet Strasbourg in after years, claimed the honour of being the birthplace of printing.

The elder Guttenberg, in the meantime, continued to reside at Mentz. His business largely increased, so that he required additional capital and assistance to carry it on. first was supplied in 1443, by a wealthy goldsmith of the city, named John Faust, who

The

engaged in printing, either for the sake of the profit, or the fame of practising what was then

considered a noble art. The second he obtained in 1444 from the younger Guttenberg, who had left Strasbourg overwhelmed by debt,

besides having been condemned in a lawsuit instituted by his disappointed partners. Until this period, Guttenberg had used wooden types; but these continually broke under the pressure required to obtain a good impression. As the material used was too soft, nothing was more natural than the idea of substituting for it something more durable. The Guttenbergs thereupon made their types of metal; and to this extent, but no farther, they were the inventors of printing. The Abbot Trithemius, the most able and trustworthy supporter of the case of Mentz, does no more than assert that about the year 1450 "the art of printing and casting single types was found out anew," and again," the wonderful, and until then unknown art of printing books by metal types, was invented and devised by John Guttenberg. If the art was found out anew, then it must have been known before. It is probable that the use of wood letters preceded the use of metal letters, just as in our days, a wooden mould always precedes a metal casting.

The first book printed with cut metal types was the Holy Bible. This is the "Mazarine Bible," so called because after the existence of the edition had been forgotten in the lapse of time, a copy of it was found in Cardinal Mazarine's library at Paris. It was printed in a large, handsome Gothic character resembling manuscript, and consisted of 637 leaves, with two columns of print on each page. The work

manship of the edition, remembering the circumstances under which it was executed, is worthy of the subject. The printers lavished time, labour, and money on it, and it was by far the handsomest book that had been printed up to the time of its appearance. Four thousand florins were spent in producing the first twelve sheets, and seven years had passed before the work was finished. It was published in the year 1450 or 1452. And here it may be convenient to state the manner in which the first books were printed. Only one side of the leaf was printed on; the first letter of the chapter was left blank, and was afterwards painted, and blanks were left for Greek quotations, which were written in. At first thin vellum was used for printing on, but it was soon superseded by paper.

In the year 1450 the elder Guttenberg ceased to be the partner of Faust. In the following year Faust entered into partnership with the younger Guttenberg. But the art of printing, although so great a benefit to the rest of the world, seems to have brought nothing but misfortunes upon the Guttenbergs. A quarrel took place respecting the money which Faust had advanced for carrying on the business. The younger Guttenberg apparently considered that his skill was equivalent to his partner's capital. Faust commenced a lawsuit, and Guttenberg was condemned to repay the money. Guttenberg was thus driven from the