power of darkness." was, and what was his coat of arms. Any in- I suppose it is to avert "the evil eye" of the formation respecting himself and his family would". be interesting. I presume Scott had access to some documents which led to his introducing him into the novel. W. D. GLYDE. BISHOP KEN'S APPEAL FOR THE FRENCH PROTESTANT REFUGEES.-Can any of your readers inform me whether traces of this appeal are to be found in the parochial accounts of Somersetshire parishes; and, if so, what was the amount collected? E. H. PLUMPTRE, Dean of Wells. BISHOP KEN'S SCHOOLS.-Hawkins, Ken's earliest biographer, states that he set up schools for the children of the poor. Are there any traces of such schools; and, if so, how were they worked, and how long did they last? E. H. PLUMPTRE, Dean of Wells. 7, Fortfield Terrace, Sidmouth. "UNTO THIS LAST."-Will any one inform me whence came into use this common expression? W. J. BIRCH. Is it from Matthew xx. 14?] GEOLOGY.-Is there any earlier instance of the word geology than that furnished by Hutton's 'Theory of the Earth' (1795), i. 213, 216. I am aware that it appears in Ash's Dictionary' (1775), where it is defined as "The doctrine of the earth, the knowledge of the state and nature of the earth"; but I am looking for an example of the actual use of the word by an author. In its classical form it appears in the title of Erasmus Warren's Geologia; or, a Discourse concerning the Earth before the Flood," 1690 (see 'N. & Q.,' 5th S. vii. 356). It also occurs in the title of a work in German, by D. Cluverus, Geologia, sive Philosophemata de Genesi ac Structura Globi Terreni,' Hamburg, 1700. R. B. P. "BOWING TO A BLACK MAN."-The Brighton Gazette of September 1, in an article entitled 'From London by Coach,' describes the passengers as bowing "to a chimney-sweep, sitting crosslegged tailor-wise on the rough plank of a pony cart. It is said to bring luck, this bowing to a black man, and custom, especially when a spice of superstition is added, is ruler of the world." I do not remember hearing before of this custom. Brighton. FREDERICK E. SAWYER, F.S.A. MENGES.-There is an arrondissement of the Ardennes, near Sedan, named St. Menges. I do not find this holy man recorded in Butler. There is also St. Menge (no s), in the Vosges. We have a living explorer named Josef Menges. What is his nationality? Is Menges the same word exactly as Menzies in N.B.? A. H. Sandwich. ULSTER.-Can any one inform me where I can obtain information relating to the granting of lands in Ulster to Scottish and English families in the time of James I., or in any subsequent settlement, so as to further my tracing the pedigree of a certain family named Little, former representatives of which possessed estates in county Fermanagh? DESMOND MACMAHON. 2, Vigo Street, W. [Replies may be sent direct.] ORRERIES.-Mr. James Payn uses this word in his charming novel 'By Proxy'; but what is the sense? It is in chap. xxxvii., about half way through: "But Mr. Pennicuick did not reflect that, though no person was paid (directly) for hearing him......under which head are even comprised sermons and orreries." Now the only meaning of the singular (?) of this word I am acquainted with signifies an instrument for measuring distances in the solar system, which was named after the Earl of Orrery by Steele, But what sense has the word orreries in Mr. but really invented by a Mr. George Graham. Payn's novel? that is my question. EDWARD R. VYVYAN. Payn says. By "orreries" Mr. Payn indicates gratuitous [The extract supplied does not represent what Mr. entertainments. Scientific gentlemen travelled with them, and exhibited them in town halls, but very often at the expense of some squire or parson who wished to elevate the rustic mind by a lecture on the stars with as a circus.] illustrations. The name-and the thing-was as common SIR THOMAS MORE.-Ludovico Dolce, A.D. 1559, a translator of Horace's 'Satires' and 'Epistles' into Italian, in his preface to book i. satire 5, the 'Journey to Brundusium,' says that there was an imitation of it by "il gentilissimo Mauro," meaning Sir Thomas. Is this printed in any edition of Sir Thomas's works? J. WORDSWORTH'S LINES ON LUCY' (" She dwelt among the untrodden ways ").-In looking through the notes to Mr. W. Davenport Adams's Lyrics of Love' (ed. 1874), to my great surprise I read the following note to the above-named poem: "The second, and by far the finest, as it is the lion and a dog as supporters, and the following The letter betwixt the w and A, the fifteenth letter, R.V.I.F.A.R.R.W.T.H.A.I.C.W.N.A.H.A.R.R.V.A.P.C.R. best known, verse, was contributed by Mrs. Wordsworth." Without disputing the truth of this statement, may I ask who is Mr. Adams's authority? I have understood that a verse, or at any rate a couplet, in the 'Daffodil' poem was written by the poet's wife, but I did not know that she was also the author of the lovely lines to which Mr. Adams alludes. If Mrs. Wordsworth was capable of writing such poetry as that, it is a mere truism to say that she must have had powers which would have given her a high name in English poetry had she but exerted them. I THE SUFFIX -NY OR -NEY IN LOCAL NAMES. scarcely know anything in the poetry of her illustrious husband, or in that of Shelley or Lord Tennyson, more beautiful than this stanza. Has her title to its authorship been satisfactorily made out? Ropley, Alresford. JONATHAN BOUCHIER. A SKEILLING. In 1690 A sold to B a messuage called Sollard in this parish, and two skeillings adjoining, with orchard, &c. I suppose skeilling is connected with shieling and sheal, and has the same signification, but is it not a very uncommon form of the word? STEPHEN Cooper. Chiddingfold. [Is this the same as skeeling or skeling? See Wright and Halliwell's 'Dictionary of Obsolete and Provincial English.'] AUTHOR WANTED. -I should be glad to know who was the author of a novel called "Supreme Bon Ton and Bon Ton by Profession. By the author of' Parga,' &c." 3 vols. 1820. The mottoes on the title-page are from Hazlitt and Voltaire. The preface is dated "Euston Square," and from the poetical quotations throughout the work the author was evidently a man of extensive reading. I may mention that 'Parga' was a poem. JOHN WILSON. Replies. (7th S. iii. 475; iv. 56, 133.) the conclusion" that there was a suffix ney or ny. MR. Many ancient islands are recorded in local names that have long lost their insular character. The Isle of Axholme and the Isle of Ely are the most familiar instances of this. We know from history that islands formerly existed at Ramsey, Thanet, and Thorney (Westminster), but a modern observer would never suspect the fact. Then we have the metropolitan instances, Chelsea, Stepney, Battersea, Bermondsey, places that have long ceased to be islands.* It must also be not exactly correspond with ours. borne in mind that the A.-S. idea of an island did ieg was frequently a piece of high ground surrounded With them an by fens. That this definition is correct is proved by "Wulf is on íege, ic on óðerre; fæst is þæt églond a passage in one of the Exeter riddles (Thorpe, 380): fenne biworpen," that is, "a wolf is on one island, I on another; closely is the island begirt by fen." I may also refer to the Ramsey History, p. 125, where 66 Northeya" [=*Nord-ieg] is described: "Est autem locus ille ab ecclesia Ramesensi unius of the ending ney, but this name was, according to Mr. vix ballistae jactu secretus, in medio alneto lutosa palude circumseptus."* I think I may venture, although I possess no knowledge of the locality, to assert that MR. ADDY would not find an island at Northeya. The instance of Mackney, near Wallingford, proves that in this case ney is simply a compound of ieg, an island. It is described in 948 as insula, quæ vulgariter dicitur Maccan-iæ,' cujus margines circumquaque palustribus rivulis adjacentibus ambite certis terminis comprobantur." The boundaries commence: "pis sind þá fíf hída æet Maccan-ige, pe Gibhild séo lacu eallan bútan bælið on ælce healfe "; Birch, 'Cart. Saxon.,' iii. 6. So that this ieg was something like our idea of an island. assuredly not follow her in imputations of misrepresentation. But it is as well once for all to set forth the points on which I felt bound to take exception to her remarks, and thus close the correspondence so far as I am concerned. 1. I assert that long detention within certain buildings can only be properly described as imprisonment, and that all restrictions upon personal liberty are of the nature of imprisonment. I am certainly not alone in this view, and will quote the words of the writer of the life of Galileo in the last (thirteenth) edition of the 'Conversationslexikon' of Brockhaus, published in 1884, "Indess zog die Inquisition niemals mehr ihre eiserne Hand von ihm zurück. Galilei war und blieb ihr Gefangener bis zu seinem Lebensende." 2. I assert that being compelled under threats (which, whatever was their exact nature, must have been very strong, as they sufficed to make Galileo do what we know he was most unwilling to do) to take a false oath, is very inadequately characterized as a "bother." I also assert that if those who insisted on this false oath being taken only half believed in it themselves (as Whewell and some others have thought) it makes the case against them not weaker, but far stronger. Saul (afterwards St. Paul) persecuted the Christians I can now, owing to the courtesy of an unknown friend, elucidate the name Rodney, which I erroneously imagined to be a family name. The Vicar of Wedmore has been publishing some interesting notes upon the field names of that parish in the Wedmore Chronicle. In the number for March, 1887, p. 287, he states that Rodney "is the name of a little hump or island rising out of Mark moor," and he traces the Rodney family back from Rodney Stoke to Mark. This little hump or island" is an undoubted leg, for I suspect that the moor by which it was surrounded was boggy land, since that is the usual meaning of the A.-S. mór. I suggest, as a guess only, that Rodney means the leg of a man named *Hróða. Had it not been for the studies of the Vicar of Wedmore, it would 3. I assert that those pretenders to science who have been all but impossible to have discovered this refused to look through a telescope lest they should original Rodney. This proves how dependent the see those bodies discovered by Galileo, in the existlocal etymologist is upon the local historian.ence of which they were determined not to believe, Possibly my hypothetical Sidan-ieg may be some cannot in any sense be reckoned amongst his day similarly identified. From this same magazine "scientific com peers." I learn that there is a Bleadney near Wedmore. This, I suppose, contains the A.-S. personal name *Bláda. I do not think it is necessary to further discuss the possibility of the existence of a suffix ney or ny, for it seems to be in every case a compound of the A.-S. ieg, an island. Before closing I should like to ask DR. CHARNOCK for his authority for the "O. Welsh iiy or iii," an island, from which he derives ey in local names. DR. CHARNOCK is so much a law to himself in philology that we cannot always rely upon his ex cathedra statements. I should, therefore, like to know if there be any other authority for this "O. Welsh iiy or iii" than DR. CHARNOCK's dictum. W. H. STEVENSON. GALILEO (7th S. iv. 9, 113, 158, 230, 272, 310). -The tone which Miss BUSK has seen fit to adopt makes it impossible to enter into further discussion with her in this matter. I shall See also the description of Ramsey itself in the 'Ramsey History,' p. 1, and Vita Sancti Oswaldi,' p. 431, ignorantly in unbelief"; what should we think of him if whilst doing so he had believed Christianity to be true, or even felt doubtful as to its truth? These were my points, which MISS BUSK claims to have "refuted." I did not overlook anything that MR. STEGGALL had said; but much of it had no relevance to the matter in hand, and I wished to be very brief. The expression that Galileo "ne fut point persécuté comme bon astronome, mais comme mauvais théologien " did not originate with Mallet du Pan, but with Bergier, in his Dictionnaire Théologique, published at Paris in 1789. I have already pointed out, in reference to this, that the sentence on Galileo included a statement that his views were philosophically false, the words being, Solem esse in centro Mundi et immobilem motu locali est propositio absurda, et falsa in Philosophia et formaliter hæretica." I must ask, in conclusion, space for a few words respecting MR. ROBERTSON'S letter at p. 272. He speaks of my reluctance to abandon the story How I can abandon of the "E pur si muove." what I never held passes my feeble powers of If MR. ROBERTSON will do me comprehension. the honour of reading what I wrote, he will see that I alluded to it as a graphical representation in later times" of what Galileo must have been thinking. As Larousse well puts it, "S'il prononça ce mot, ce ne fut sans doute que mentalement." Whewell, indeed, thought this might have been spoken with no reluctance that it should be heard; but then his view is that the abjuration was a solemn farce, held with little more confidence by those who imposed it than by him on whom it was imposed. This view is more dis creditable to the Inquisition than the ordinary one. But even if the famous "E pur si muove had been really whispered, as Whewell suggests, to the cardinal's secretary, it is not likely that it would ever become public, and it is, in all probability, merely a representation in words of what all feel must have been Galileo's thought at the time. Nevertheless, it will not be without interest to point out that its origin can be traced fifteen years further back than is done by Prof. Heis (quoted in the excellent account of Galileo in the ninth edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica '), where the earliest reference to it is stated to be in an historical dictionary published at Caen in 1789. It is mentioned by Prof. Grisar (Zeitschrift für katholische Theologie,' vol. for 1878, p. 124) that in a work published by Fr. N. Steinacher at Würzburg in 1774, entitled 'Lehrbuch der philosophischen Geschichte,' there occurs the passage:"Die Abbitte des Galilei war weder ernstlich noch standhaft genug; denn in dem Augenblicke, da er wieder aufstand, und sein Gewissen ihm sagte, dass er falsch geschworen habe, schlug er die Augen nieder, stampfte mit dem Fusse und sagte: E pur si muove, Sie bewegt sich doch." Blackheath. W. T. LYNN. C. F. BULKLEY (7th S. iv. 229).-C. F. Buckley (not Bulkley) exhibited only landscapes in water colour from 1841 to 1854 at the British Institution and Suffolk Street, and then once again in 1869, when he lived at 2, St. Paul's Terrace, Camden Town. J. E. Buckley painted and exhibited at Suffolk Street historical and domestic subjects from 1843 to 1861. Neither of them had any work in the Royal Academy. The only engraved subject I know of at all like' Watch in Pot; or, the Absent Philosopher' is 'Mathematical Abstraction,' engraved by Robert Graves, A. R. A., after Theodore Lane. This picture was exhibited at the British Institution in 1829, and was published in 1833. The subject consists of a man in a dressinggown holding an egg in his hand and boiling his watch. ALGERNON GRAVES. 6, Pall Mall. that he wrote to say that "neither dictionary nor friend can help us to the form krausbeere" without taking the trouble to refer to the dictionary from which I expressly stated that my German words were quoted. This is his notion of fairness; it is not mine. He further tells us that he made no mention of the Swedish form, because he really did not see that it threw any particular light on the etymology of gooseberry. Let the public just take notice how this new reason alters the case. For that was not the question. He was questioning the existence of the German form krausbeere; and it was when doing this that he carefully left out of sight the Swedish form krusbär. Now, whereas a Swedish long u is the German au, as in Swedish hus, German haus, and whereas the Swedish bär, berry, is the same word as German beere, it follows that, given Swedish krusbär, the equivalent word in German would be krausbeere. Hence the Swedish form is very material as regards the particular point which happened to be under discussion. Observe, too, the account given us of the form kransbeere. It was suggested that what I had found was a form in which, by a printer's error, a u had been put for n; and so I had read krausbeere for kransbeere. And now we are told that it is unrecorded, and that it came of “ a defect of vision." What this means we are not told. ST. SWITHIN further tells us that there is no mention made of krausbeere meaning "cranberry." But I have already said where this explanation is given; though I believe it to be a mistake. against me sans phrase. He has done nothing of the kind; but, as I predicted to friends when my letter appeared, has taken a fresh opportunity of form was not material to the question under dismisleading readers by assuming that the Swedish cussion. He also assumed that the word could not be found; yet now he finds it himself. I asked ST. SWITHIN to withdraw the charge WALTER W. SKEAT. SIR JONATHAN TRELAWNY (7th S. iv. 149).— ALPHA may be glad to be referred to Miss Strickland's 'Lives of the Seven Bishops' (London, 1866), in which, pp. 364-393, is a chapter headed "Sir Jonathan Trelawny, Lord Bishop of Bristol, of Exeter, and of Winchester," and containing much interesting information. For some particulars respecting him see Gloucestershire Notes and ABHBA. Queries, vol. iii. pp. 22-24. CHARLES ALBERT FECHTER (7th S. iv. 248).-I remember that when Mr. Fechter came from France, and took London by storm in 'Ruy Blas,'' Hamlet,' 'Othello,' &c., at the Princess's Theatre, so proGOOSEBERRY (7th S. iv. 204, 252, 311).—I regard voking the usual cry of native versus foreign talent ST. SWITHIN's reply as an aggravation of the ori-set up by the late Mr. Henry Ottley and others ginal offence. He now tells us that he disdains to play at any game unfairly; but he does not deny it was said in regard to Fechter's nationality, that he claimed to be at least half an Englishman, for, though educated in France and having a German father, his mother was an Englishwoman, and he was born in Hanway Yard, Oxford Street. This I have often seen repeated, and never until now have I seen any other birthplace given to the late actor. Fechter died in America. He had a son. I saw father and son play together at the Lyceum Theatre. The son, if living, could possibly settle the matter in question; or, of course, a reference to Hanway Yard's parish register (that of St. Marylebone, perhaps) might do so. J. W. M. G. IDRIS (7th S. iii. 496; iv. 276).—Dr. CharNOCK says: "Welsh Idris and Arabic Idris were borrowed from Idpis [sic], experienced." For this utterly preposterous and most astounding statement Dr. CHARNOCK does not vouchsafe one shred of evidence. The three words can be spelt with the same letters, therefore two of them were borrowed from the other; that is the whole argument of your ingenious correspondent. For the etymology of the Arabic Idris (or Edris) I should recommend your readers to go to D'Herbelot, or to the learned 'Dictionary of Islam,' by Mr. Hughes. It will be found that the name is of purely Semitic origin, being derived from the Arabic root dars, to read, to instruct, for which see the Arabic Dictionary,' by Steingass, p. 359. But perhaps DR. CHARNOCK will now say that Welsh Idris and Greek Spis were borrowed from Arabic Idris ! A. L. MAYHEW. Oxford. "MUNERARI" OR "NUMERARI" IN TE DEUM (7th S. iv. 147).-This question is thoroughly discussed in 'A Vindication of the Hymn Te Deum Laudamus, from Errors and Misrepresentations of a Thousand Years,' by Ebenezer Thomson, Esq. London, 1858. See the Vindication,' pp. 7-16, and appendix, pp. 72-80. He contends that the true reading is "Eterna fac cum sanctis tuis gloria munerari" ("Make them, with thy saints, to be gifted with everlasting glory"). Munerari is to be gifted, presented, or endowed with, not to be rewarded, which meaning would have required remunerari. He states (p. 9) that "neither prints, nor manuscripts, nor translations show the least sign of variation till very near the close of the fifteenth century. W. E. BUCKLEY. aspiration," the former is, I believe, the reading of Whichever may seem to express "the_nobler the Utrecht Psalter, and of all the earliest MSS. in which the difference can be seen. Winterton, Doncaster. J. T. F. LETTERS OF CORNELIA (7th S. iv. 187).—If B. R. will refer to Cicero and Quintilian he will meet with the notice of the letters of Cornelia for which he inquires. In the former there is "Legimus Epistolas Cornelia, matris Gracchorum "('Brutus,' cap. lviii.); in the latter, "Nam Gracchorum eloquentiæ multum contulisse accepimus Corneliam matrem, cujus doctissimus sermo in posteros quoque est epistolis traditus" (i. i. 6). Two extracts from the letters of Cornelia are commonly printed with the fragments of Corn. Nepos. As to the authenticity of these fragments there is an explanation of Andrew Schott. In the variorum edition, Lugd. Batav., 1675, this note is inserted : "Unde hoc fragmentum sit, ostendit Schottus in Epist. ad Lectorem, notis suis in Fragmenta Nepotis subneza. Nunc,' inquit, Cornelia matris Gracchorum (cui eloquentiam, teste Cicerone et Fabio acceptam referebant) epistolæ fragmentum adjiciam: quod legitimum ne sit, aut a declamatore aliquo, ut solet, conformatum; nunc non disputo. Parva sane papyri jactura, repertum in vetere libro Abbatiæ Fasulanæ, mihique ab Anton. Augustino Archiepiscopo Tarracon, V.C., perhumaniter oblatum, post idem a Cl. Viro Jacobo Bongarsio descriptum e Britannico exemplari e Germania dono missum, Cornelianis addendum putavi. Hæc Schottus: qui, dubitem esse: tam elementer apxaîle," &c.—Bosius ut vides, addubitare videtur, an legitimum sit. Ego vix (Corn. Nepos, u. s., p. 428). ED. MARSHALL. "In the MSS. of Cornelius Nepos two large fragments of a letter of Cornelia, wife of T. Sempronius Gracchus, to her son Gaius, belonging to A. 630, are preserved, nor is quity; Cic., Brutus,' 58, 211: 'legimus epistulas Corthere any doubt that letters by her were current in antinelia, matris Gracchorum: apparet filios non tam in gremio educatos quam in sermone matris.' Quintilian, i. i. 6, Gracchorum eloquentiæ multum contulisse Corneliam matrem accepimus, cujus doctissimus sermo in posteros quoque est epistolis traditus." But the authenticity of the fragments handed down to us has been doubted (A. G. Lange, Miscellaneous Writings,' p. 108 sqq.; Sörgel, Cornelia epistolarum fragmenta genuina esse non posse,' in W. Bauer and G. Friedlein's 'Journal for Bavarian Schools,' iii. 4, 1866) though, as it seems, without sufficient reason. A Rhetor would have made the mother of the Gracchi rather declaim for liberty and he would never have succeeded in combining the manly revenge against the murderers of her son's brother; but energy of thought of an old Roman with a woman's tenderness and carelessness of style. See also L. Merchelin, 'De Cornelia Vita, Moribus Epistolis,' Dorpat, 1845." This extract from Teuffel's History of Roman |